Hell ship

The term hell ship mainly refers to the ships used by the Imperial Japanese Navy to transport Allied prisoners of war (POWs) out of the Philippines, Hong Kong and Singapore during World War II. The POWs were taken to Japan, Taiwan, Manchuria, or Korea to be used as forced labor. In Japanese, they are now known as "Jigoku sen" (地獄船), with the same meaning.

However, the term was coined much earlier, and was also used for German prisoner of war transports. When the Royal Navy's destroyer HMS "Cossack" had boarded the German supply ship "Altmark" in a Norwegian fjord on 16 February 1940 (in what later became known as the Altmark Incident), and released some 300 British merchant sailors that had been picked up from ships sunk by the pocket battleship "Graf Spee", "Altmark" was in the British newspapers frequently called "Hitler's hell-ship" or the “Nazi hell-ship”. [ [http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol11/nm_11_1_39to57.pdf The Northern Mariner XI, No. 1 (January 2001), page 54] ] [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=R24HwO0XWeMC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=hell-ship+altmark&source=web&ots=leiW3qFFey&sig=9pK5UBXGHyRxpljaP2whTYRy5Do&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result "The Rule of Law in International Affairs" (Brian Simpson 2003), page 215] ]

As Allied forces closed in, the Japanese began transferring POWs by sea. Similar to conditions on the Bataan Death March, prisoners were often crammed into cargo holds with little air, food or water for journeys that would last weeks. Many died due to asphyxia, starvation or dysentery. Some POWs in the heat, humidity, lack of oxygen, food, and water became delirious and unresponsive to their environment. Unlike weapons transports which were sometimes marked as Red Cross ships, these prisoner transports were unmarked and were targeted by Allied submarines and aircraft.

The name of hell ship "Oryoku Maru" collectively covers the 7 week voyages and fate of Allied POWs held in the Philippines, who survived the sinking of that ship in Subic Bay in December 1944, and the bombing of a second ship the "Enoura Maru", in the harbor of Takao, January 1945, and the Brazil Maru which transported the last surviving allied POWs to Moji, Japan. There the Japanese medics are said to have been shocked at the wasted condition of the POWs and used triage to divide them. The 110 most severe cases were taken to a primitive military hospital in Kokura where 73 died within a month. Four other groups were sent to Fukuoka POW camps 1, 3, 4, and 17. Of 549 men alive when the ship docked, only 372 survived the war. Some eventually went to a POW camp in Jinsen (Inchon), Korea, where they were given light duty, mainly sewing garments for the Japanese Army. [POW Diary of Capt. P.R.Cornwall, National Archive Mil. Hist.Div. File 99-2-30Book 6,and his letters]

The "Oryoku-maru" was a 7,363-ton passenger cargo liner that the Japanese used to try to transport 1,620 survivors of the Bataan Death March, Corregidor and other battle sites. It left Manila on December 13, 1944, and over the next two days was mistakenly bombed and strafed by American planes. About 270 died aboard ship, from suffocation or dehydration or were killed in the attack or from drowning while escaping the sinking ship. A colonel, in his official report, wrote:

:"Many men lost their minds and crawled about in the absolute darkness armed with knives, attempting to kill people in order to drink their blood or armed with canteens filled with urine and swinging them in the dark. The hold was so crowded and everyone so interlocked with one another that the only movement possible was over the heads and bodies of others. [John Toland, "The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936-1945", Random House, 1970, p. 601]

The "Junyō Maru" was the worst of these, where 5,640 out of 6,520 POWs died after being sunk. [cite web | url=http://www.roll-of-honour.org.uk/Hell_Ships/Junyo_Maru/ | title=Junyo Maru | publisher=Roll of Honour | accessdate=2008-09-30]

See also

* List of Japanese hell ships
* Cap Arcona and Thielbek, German "hell ships" sunk by the RAF.

Footnotes

References

*cite web | title=American POWs on Japanese Ships Take a Voyage into Hell | work=Prologue Magazine | url=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2003/winter/hell-ships-1.html | accessdate=December 20 | accessyear=2005
*cite web | title=Hell Ships | work=Britain at War | url=http://www.britain-at-war.org.uk/WW2/Hell_Ships/body_index.htm | accessdate=January 16 | accessyear=2008
*Ref. USNational Archives, Mil. Hist.Div. POW diary of Capt. Paul R.Cornwall,41-45,File 999-2-30 Bk.6 and unpublished letters.