Agha (Ottoman Empire)

:"For other uses of the term 'Aga', see Aga. For other uses of the term 'Agha', see Agha." Agha, also Aga (from Turkish: "ağa" "chief, master, lord" [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=aga Online Etymology Dictionary - Aga] ] ), as a title for a civil or military officer, or often part of such title, was placed after the name of certain military functionaries in the Ottoman Empire. At the same time some Court functionaries were entitled to the agha title.

Military titles

In the Ottoman Empire, commanders of the different branches of military services were called the aghas e.g. azap agha, besli agha, janissary agha: the commanders of azaps, beslis, and janissaries.

This designation was given to commanders of smaller military units too, for instance the beuluk agha, odzsak agha: the commander of a beuluk and odzsak both meaning troops.

Civilian titles

*The Kizlar Agha was the Chief Black Eunuch; the Kapi Agha was the Chief White Eunuch- both held very important offices at the Sultan's court, within the Topkapı Palace.
*Aga Khan is the title of the leader of the Shia Muslim Nizari Ismaili sect. The title Agha Khan was an honorific title bestowed by Fat′h Ali Shah Qajar of Iran on his son-in-law Hassan Ali Shah (ca.1800-1881), the leader of the Ismaili Shi'as of Persia.

Other uses

*Aga is used for grandfather by Turks in the west Balkans and in Turkmenistan.
*Agha is both title and family name in Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Syria and Afghanistan.
*Aga is a family name in Norway.
*In Romanian, the Turkish title, spelled Aga, was used for the chief of an "agie", a law enforcement office
*In Persian, agha is normally used to refer to a male superior, similar to Mister.
* In Tunisia, during the Ottoman Empire, Agha was the ruler of a region (for example Gabes). The name persists as a family name.
*Agha is also used as a first name in some cases. e.g Agha Ganda or Agha Gunda.

Honorific

Pakistan's former President Yahya Khan also had Agha as the hereditary title. In usage, the title followed the given name. Although the word serves as a non-hereditary title, English-speakers have commonly used "Agha" as if it formed part of a personal name, as for instance in Mohammad Agha.

Etymology

The word "agha" entered English from Turkish, and the Turkish word comes from the Old Turkic "aqa", meaning "elder brother". [American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language - [http://www.bartleby.com/61/40/A0134000.html "aga"] ] [Dictionary.com Unabridged - [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aga "aga"] ] Ultimately the Old Turkic word, along with its Mongolian cognate "aga", [ [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f2/v2f2a035.html QA (or ACA) ] ] has its origins in the proto-Altaic word "ák'v".

ee also

*State organisation of the Ottoman Empire

Notes

References

* [http://www.allaboutturkey.com/harem.htm AllAboutTurkey.com]
* [http://4dw.net/royalark/ RoyalArk - see each present country]
* [http://www.osmanischesreich.com/Geschichte/Armee/Heerwesen_I/Janitscharen/janitscharen.html Ottoman empire site- original full version in German] (not yet exploited)