Roadkill

:"For the professional wrestler known as Roadkill, see Michael Depoli, for the movie marketed as "Roadkill" in the UK and Australia, see Joy Ride, for the Supernatural TV series episode, see Roadkill (Supernatural)."

Roadkill is an animal or animals that have been struck and killed by motor vehicles. Mammals are the animals most likely to be recorded as roadkill. To reduce the possibility of striking animals some road authorities use signs or create underpasses.

Roadkill can be eaten, and various recipe books have been published. Groundhogs and turtles are often salvaged for soup or other recipes. Also deer are often kept. In many U.S. states you can get a salvaging license so that you may pick up the roadkill you come across. It is usually legal to take any animal you have hit as well.

History

During the early 20th century, roadkill or "flat meats" became a common sight in all industrialized First World nations as they adopted the internal combustion engine and the automobile. In Australia, specific actions taken to protect against the variety of animals that can damage vehicles - such as bullbars (usually known in Australia as 'roo bars', in reference to kangaroos) - indicate that the Australian experience has some unique features with road kill. [ [http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1516291.htm Report shows high animal road kill toll in Tasmania] ]

Research

The Simmons Society was founded by Professor Roger M. Knutson of Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, US to further studies of road fauna. Professor Knutson also published a book called "Common Animals of Roads, Street, and Highway: A Field Guide To Flattened Fauna". [ [http://biology.luther.edu/knu.htm Roger M. Knutson] ]

The number of road fauna present on a given stretch of freeway is said to follow a Poisson distribution. Some researcherssays who believe that lunar phases have an effect on the amount of road kills. Further study is needed to support this hypothesis.

A recent study showed that insects too are prone to a very high risk of roadkill incidence [ [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar252007/830.pdf Road kills: Assessing insect casualties using flagship taxon] ] . Research showed interesting patterns in insect/butterfly road kills and relation with the vehicle density. Although the insect community is equally at risk, much of the attention goes to bigger, more charismatic animals.

About 350000 to 27 million birds are estimated to be killed on European roads each year. [Erritzoe J., Mazgajski T. D., Rejt Ł. 2003. Bird casualties on European roads — a review. Acta Ornithol. 38: 77–93.]

Breakdown by species

In 1993, 25 schools throughout New England participated in a roadkill study involving 1,923 animal deaths. By category, the fatalities were: [ [http://roadkill.edutel.com/rkdataarchive.html Roadkill 2007 - Summary of Past Data] ]
* 81% mammals
* 15% birds
* 3% reptiles and amphibians
* 1% undiscernible

Extrapolating this data nationwide, Merritt Clifton, editor of Animal People Newspaper estimated that the following animals are being killed by motor vehicles in the United States annually: [ [http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/ Animal People Newspaper] ]
*41 million squirrels
*26 million cats
*22 million rats
*19 million opossums
*15 million raccoons
*6 million dogs
*350,000 deer

This study may not have considered differences in observability among taxa (i.e. dead raccoons are easier to see than dead frogs), and has not been published in peer-reviewed scientific literature.

Michigan roadkill analysis

In 1994, Michigan reported 56,666 deer collisions, of which five resulted in human fatalities, according to Mark Matthew Braunstein of the Santa Cruz Hub. The problem is so pervasive that, according to an article by Hank Pellissier of the San Francisco Chronicle, Michigan uses roadkill statistics to determine its deer population. [ [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2004/03/08/urbananimal.DTL The Art of Dead Mice] ]

Roadkill prevention

Collisions with animals can have many negative consequences, besides the obvious consequence of ending a life:
*Vehicle damage
*Harm to endangered species
*Injury to, or death of, pets
*Injury to, or death of, vehicle occupantsLost pet skunks are particularly vulnerable since they lack a sense of direction and cannot see objects more than about 3 m (10 ft) away with any clarity.

Collisions with animals with antlers (e.g., deer) are particularly dangerous as the head has a tendency to separate and come through the windshieldFact|date=February 2007, but any large, long-legged animal (e.g. horses, larger cattle, camels) can pose a similar cabin incursion hazard. Injury to humans due to driver failure to maintain control of a vehicle either while avoiding, or during and immediately after an animal impact is also not infrequent.

Deer horns can be mounted on vehicles to warn deer of approaching automobiles, though their effectiveness is disputedFact|date=February 2007.

Night driving

Although strikes can happen at any time of day, deer tend to move at dawn and dusk and are particularly active during the October–December mating season. Driving at night presents its own challenges: Nocturnal species are on the move, and visibility, particularly side visibility, is reduced. When headlights approach a nocturnal animal, this makes it hard for the creature to see the approaching car (nocturnal animals see better in the dark than in the light). Furthermore, the glare of vehicle headlights can dazzle some species, such as rabbits: They will freeze in the road rather than flee. The simple tactics of reducing speed and scanning "both" sides of the road for foraging deer can improve driver safety at night. Drivers may see the glow of a deer's eyes before seeing the animal itself.

Wildlife crossings

Wildlife crossings allow animals to travel over or underneath roads. They are most widely used in Europe, but have also been installed in a few U.S. locations and in parts of Western Canada. As new highways cause habitats to become increasingly fragmented, these crossings could play a crucial role in protecting endangered species.

In the United States, sections of road known to have heavy deer cross-traffic will usually have a warning sign depicting a bounding deer. Similar signs exist for moose, elk and other species.

In the American West, roads may pass through large areas designated as "open range", meaning that no fences separate drivers from large animals such as cattle or bison. A driver may round a bend to find a small herd standing in the road. Open range areas are generally marked with signage and protected by a cattle guard.

A few states now have sophisticated systems to protect motorists from large animals. One of these systems is called RADS (Roadway Animal Detection System). A solar powered sensor detects animals near the roadway and flashes a light to alert oncoming drivers.

Advocacy

The [http://www.jhwildlife.org/roadkill.html Jackson Hole Wildlife Foundation] is an example of an organization advocating roadkill prevention.

ee also

* Bushmeat
* Habitat conservation
* Habitat fragmentation
* Roadkill bingo
* Habitat destruction
* Wildlife corridor
* Wildlife

Trivia

Armadillos are a commonly squashed animal because their first instinct to a threat (in this case, a car) is to jump in the air. The car does not stop, and therefore kills the animal.

In Japan, a railway roadkill is sometimes referred to as "tuna" ("maguro"; マグロ). Because the dead body's head and feet are chopped off by the train, it looks like a piece of frozen tuna in a fish market (the tail of a tuna is always chopped off to examine its fat content). See マグロ (鉄道事故) Tuna (Railroad Accident)

Roadkill is sometimes used as an art form. Some of these artists are formally trained in traditional taxidermy preparation while others are merely experimenting. Roadkill as art is not new, American artist Stephen Paternite has been exhibiting roadkill pieces since the 1970's. [cite web | url = http://www.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk/mostpopular.var.1713523.mostcommented.roadkill_artist_speaks_of_controversial_work.php | title = Roadkill artist speaks of controversial work | work = STROUD NEWS & JOURNAL |accessdate = 2007-10-16]

There has been at least one case in the United States where a jail inmate was allegedly forced to eat roadkill.

: " We reject Sheriff Clegg's contention that the relevant law governing his conduct was not clearly established at the time Appellee was allegedly served contaminated roadkill meat in prison.", Goodrick v. Clegg, 129 F.3d 125, Unpublished Disposition, 9th Cir.(Idaho), Nov 13, 1997.

: "Plaintiff Goodrick was incarcerated at Kootenai County Jail in Idaho on two occasions. While there he was fed roadkill, which he claims made him very sick.", Goodrick v. Clegg, 210 F.3d 382, Unpublished Disposition, 9th Cir.(Idaho), Jan 4, 2000.

References

* [http://www.santacruzhub.org/pp/roadkill/stats.htm Driving Animals to Their Graves] by Mark Matthew Braunstein, Santa Cruz Hub.
* [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/gate/archive/2004/03/08/urbananimal.DTL The Art of Dead Mice] by Hank Pellissier, San Francisco Chronicle.
* [http://edutel.musenet.org:8042/roadkill/index.html Roadkill 2004]
* [http://www.anapsid.org/roadkill.html Dr. Splatt's Roadside Attraction] , Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection.
* [http://www.roadkills.pixeldiversity.com www.roadkills.pixeldiversity.com] , Collection of roadkills pictures.

External links

* [http://joyh.com/PHOTO/ROADKILL/body_roadkill.html "Just Because It's In Slow Motion Doesn't Mean You Can Stop It - Joy Hunsberger"] - an artist who has been photographing roadkill as a form of ancestor worship since 1997.
* [http://www.highplainsfilms.org/fp_caught.html "Caught in the Headlights"] — a documentary film that examines the conflict between wildlife and automobile culture
* [http://www.stoproadkill.org "Stop Roadkill"] — an artist using roadkill in art
* [http://www.pigeonpress.org/fritzart.html "Fritz Art @ Pigeon Press"] - Roadkill eating artist draws and paints colorful roadkill inspired icons
* [http://www.lakejacksonturtles.org "Lake Jackson Ecopassage"] — a campaign to mitigate roadkill along the world's worst turtle-killing highway
* [http://www.savetheredbelly.org "Save The Alabama Red-bellied Turtle"] — a campaign to stop the killing of endangered Alabama Red-bellied Turtles along US 90 (Mobile Causeway)
* [http://www.roadkillzoo.com "Roadkill Zoo"] — A comic book about zombie roadkill that come back from the dead. Published by Novaris Entertainment. Nominated for the 2007 Russ Manning Award.