Rocket-propelled grenade

RPG, or rocket-propelled grenade, is a loose term describing hand-held, shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons capable of firing an unguided rocket equipped with an explosive warhead. RPG is a transliteration of РПГ, the Russian abbreviation of реактивный противотанковый гранатомёт (transliterated as "reaktivniy protivotankoviy granatomyot"), which translates to the English phrase "reactive anti-tank launcher." Thus "rocket-propelled grenade" is a backronym.

Most modern main battle tanks (MBTs) are not vulnerable to hand-held RPGs, and this was demonstrated in the Israel-Hezbolla war of 2006. RPGs are still used very effectively against lightly-armoured vehicles such as armored personnel carriers (APCs) or unarmored wheeled vehicles, as well as against buildings and bunkers. They can still be a threat to an MBT under certain tactical conditions. One exception is the RPG-29, the most advanced model, which uses a tandem-charge high explosive anti-tank warhead to penetrate explosive reactive armor (ERA). It is capable of destroying some modern MBTs such as the T-90. [ [http://armor.kiev.ua/fofanov/Tanks/TRIALS/19991020.html T-80U and T-90 Trials 20.10.99 ] ] In August 2006, an RPG-29 round penetrated the frontal ERA of a Challenger 2 tank during an engagement in al-Amarah, Iraq. [cite news|title=MoD kept failure of best tank quiet|author=Sean Rayment|publisher=Sunday Telegraph|date=May 12, 2007|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/13/nmod13.xml]

History

The RPG has its roots in the 19th century, with the early development of the explosive shaped charge. The development of practical rocketry provided a means of delivering such an explosive, and such a weapon was invented just before the end of World War IFact|date=June 2008; the end of the war led to the abandonment of the project. Later research, occasioned by World War II, produced such weapons as the famous bazooka, which combined portability with effectiveness against armored vehicles such as tanks.

The most widely distributed and used RPG in the world is the Soviet Union-developed RPG-7. The Soviets developed the basic design of this RPG during World War II, combining important design features of the US Bazooka and the German Panzerfaust. Today, advanced armies such as that of the United States, have implemented armor on their tanks that are invulnerable to grenades. However, new rounds have been developed to use with the RPG-7 launchers, that can defeat advanced armor types such as ERA.

Description

An RPG comprises two main parts: the launcher and the rocket, which is equipped with a warhead. The most common types of warheads are high explosive (HE) or high explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds. These warheads are affixed to a rocket motor and stabilized in flight with fins. Some types of RPGs are single-use disposable units similar to the U.S. M72 LAW; others are reloadable, such as the Soviet RPG-7.

The RPG launcher is a hollow tube that concentrates the rocket exhaust to create an over-pressure within the tube. This over-pressure propels the warhead at a higher speed than from the specific impulse of the rocket alone. This higher speed is necessary for the rocket to be stable in flight.

The launcher is designed such that the rocket exits the launcher without discharging an exhaust that would be dangerous to the operator. In the case of the RPG-7 the rocket is launched by a gunpowder booster charge, and the rocket motor ignites only after 10 meters. In some other designs the rocket burns completely within the tube.

The high-temperature rocket exhaust is hazardous fifteen to twenty meters to the rear of an RPG launcher. The launcher must be cleaned periodically, as built-up residue will result in an excess of over-pressure, causing the sighting mechanism to be driven into the operator's eye when the rocket is fired. Blindness in one eye often results.

An RPG is an inexpensive way to deliver an explosive payload a distance of 100 yards (91m) with moderate accuracy. Substantially more expensive, wire-guided rockets are used when accuracy is important. These rockets trail a thin wire behind them during firing and can be steered by the operator while in flight. In 1982, British troops were sent to the Falklands War armed with a number of wire-guided MILAN anti-tank missiles even though there were no Argentine tanks in the Falklands Islands. The British used these expensive weapons to destroy Argentine bunkers at longer ranges. The British also used cheap 66 mm M72 LAW unguided rockets and recoilless 84mm against Argentine bunkers. The popularity and usefulness of such weapons prompted the U.S. military to field the SMAW, the U.S. equivalent of the RPG.

Warheads

The HE (high explosive) warhead is a general-purpose explosive warhead for use against unarmored targets such as infantry, unarmored wheeled vehicles, and fixed positions. The HE warhead detonates upon impact. The warhead case and charge generate a moderate amount of fragmentation, Which can pass through many obstacles without stopping.

The HEAT (high explosive anti-tank) round is a standard shaped charge warhead, similar in concept to those used in tank cannon rounds. In this type of warhead, the shape of the explosive material within the warhead focuses the explosive energy on a copper (or similar metal) lining. This crushes the metal lining and propels some of it forward at a very high velocity. The resulting narrow jet of metal can punch through the armor of most APC's and IFV's. However, the warhead on older RPG systems is too small to penetrate the main armor of most modern battle tanks, although it is still capable of causing secondary damage to vulnerable systems (especially sights, tracks, rear and roof of turrets) and can disable or destroy most lightly armored or unarmored vehicles.

Specialized warheads are available for illumination, smoke, tear gas, and white phosphorus. Russia, China, and many former Warsaw Pact nations have also developed a fuel-air explosive (a/k/a "thermobaric") warhead. Another recent development is a tandem HEAT warhead capable of penetrating reactive armor. [http://www.strategypage.com/gallery/default.asp?target=rpg7vl.htm]

Accuracy limits the standard RPG-7 to a practical range of 50 m, although it can reach 150 or even 300 m in skilled hands. It has an indirect fire (bombardment) range to 920 m, limited by the 4.5-second self-destruct timer.*

So-called PRIGs (Propelled Recoilless Improvised Grenade) were improvised warheads used by the Provisional IRA.

Tactics

RPGs were used extensively during the Vietnam War (by the Vietnam People's Army and Vietcong), Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by the Mujahideen and against South Africans in Angola and Namibia (formerly South West Africa) by SWAPO guerillas during what the South Africans called the South African Border War. Twenty years later, it is still being used widely in recent conflict areas such as Chechnya, Iraq and Sri Lanka.

One of the first instances when it was used by terrorists was on 13 January 1975 at the Orly airport in France when Carlos the Jackal together with another member from the PFLP used two Soviet RPG-7 grenades to attack an Israeli El Al airliner. Both missed, and one of them hit a DC-9 of Yugoslav Airlines instead. [Grant wardlaw, Political terrorism: Theory, Tactics and Counter-Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 27]

Because of the inherent inaccuracy of the RPG, the operator must fire relatively close to the intended target, increasing the chances of being spotted and captured, shot or killed. Most modern armies deploy anti-tank guided missiles (ATGM) as their primary infantry anti-tank weapon, but the RPG can still be effectively employed against tanks under certain tactical conditions, especially urban warfare, where they are favored by low-tech armies. They are most effective when used in restricted terrain as the availability of cover and concealment can make it difficult for the intended target to spot the RPG operator.

The operator must move after firing the RPG as the ignition of the rocket generates a flash visible to the enemy and usually leaves a smoke trail leading back to the firing position. In Afghanistan, Mujahideen RPG shooters who remained in position after firing were often killed by Soviet counter-fire.

When deployed against personnel, the warhead can be aimed at a solid surface to detonate, popular choices being trees or buildings. Another option is an indirect method of firing the warhead over the intended target area at ranges of 800–1000 m where the warhead would detonate automatically. More skilled shooters can use the RPG self-destruct feature to make it explode over the enemy at closer range.

Although they can be used against hovering helicopters, they should not be confused with anti-aircraft shoulder fired surface-to-air missile systems such as the Stinger or SA-7 Grail. Furthermore, firing at steep angles poses a danger to the user, because the backblast from firing reflects off the ground. In Somalia, militia members sometimes welded a steel plate in the exhaust end of an RPG's tube to deflect pressure away from shooter when shooting upwards at US helicopters. RPGs are used in this role only when more effective weapons are not available.

Afghanistan

In Afghanistan, Mujahideen guerrillas used RPG-7s to destroy Soviet vehicles. To assure a kill, two to four RPG shooters would be assigned to each vehicle. In areas where vehicles were confined to a single path (a mountain road, swamps, snow, urban areas), RPG teams trapped convoys by destroying the first and last vehicles in line, preventing movement of the other vehicles. This tactic was especially effective in cities. Convoys learned to avoid approaches with overhangs and to send infantrymen forward in hazardous areas to detect the RPG teams.

Multiple shooters were also effective against heavy tanks with reactive armor: The first shot would be against the driver's viewing prisms. Following shots would be in pairs, one to set off the reactive armor, the second to penetrate the tank's armor. Favored weak spots were the top and rear of the turret.

Afghans sometimes used RPG-7s at extreme range, exploded by their 4.5- second self-destruct timer, which calculates to an almost 1-km range. This performed expedient indirect antipersonnel bombardment and was sometimes used to discourage reconnaissance by aircraft.

Angola

Soviet RPGs posed a serious threat to lightly armored South African APCs, which would be targeted as soon as they stopped to let off troops. In reaction to ambushes, units such as Koevoet (Afrikaans for "crowbar") developed the unique tactic of driving the APCs in widening circles, using automatic gunfire from one side to destroy the RPG teams. By not stopping to let off troops, the APCs were difficult to target. The secondary effect was also to confuse and surprise their attackers by deploying tactics not known or studied elsewhere that they could not have been trained or prepared for. The tactic was developed informally in the field and passed on to new drivers as it required good coordination between the vehicles which seldom numbered fewer than 2-4.

Chechnya

During the First (1994–1996) and Second Chechen Wars (1999–), Chechen rebels used RPGs to attack Russian tanks from basements and high rooftops. This tactic was effective because the tanks' guns could not be depressed or raised far enough to return fire. Russian forces had to rely on artillery suppression and infantry screens to prevent such attacks. Russian tank columns were eventually protected by attached self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (ZSU-23-4, Tunguska-M1) used in the ground role to suppress and destroy Chechen ambushes.

Chechen fighters formed independent "cells" that worked together to destroy a specific Russian armored target. Each cell contained small arms and some form of RPG (RPG-7V or RPG-18, for example). The small arms were used to button the tank up and keep any infantry occupied while the RPG gunner struck at the tank. While doing so other teams would attempt to fire at the target in order to overwhelm the Russians' ability to effectively counter the attack. To further increase the chance of success, the teams took up positions at different elevations where possible. Firing from the third and higher floors allowed good shots at the weakest armor (the top). [ [http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/rusav/rusav.htm Foreign Military Studies Office Publications - Russian-Manufactured Armored Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience ] ]

When the Russians began moving in tanks fitted with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armor), the Chechens had to adapt their tactics, because the RPGs they had access to were unlikely to result in the destruction of the tank. 2 or more RPG teams would position themselves in such a way that they could all hit the same section of a tank, but from different angles. Usually rebels would first hit the tank with a large IED to blow the tracks off it so it couldn't move then rebels would fire at the reactive armor with an RPG to create a spot where the base armor was exposed. The other team would aim for this spot, since it was now as vulnerable as if there was no ERA on the tank at all. These were crude, but apparently effectiveFact|date=August 2008, way to get the effect of a tandem warhead without actually having one.

Iraq

During the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the subsequent in-country status, the RPG has become a favorite weapon of the insurgent forces fighting U.S. troops. Since most of the readily-available RPG-7 rounds cannot penetrate M1 Abrams tank armor from the front or sides Fact|date=April 2007, it is primarily effective against soft-skinned or lightly armored vehicles, as well as an anti-personnel weapon against infantry. However, even basic RPG-7 rounds can disable tanks and occasionally even lead to permanent losses if the tank is hit in the right place where armor is weak. Even if the RPG hit does not completely disable the tank or kill the crew, it can still damage external equipment, lowering the tank's effectiveness. Newer RPG-7 rounds are more capable, and the RPG-29 is rarely encountered in combat. Various armies and manufacturers have developed add-on tank armor and other systems for urban combat, such as the Tank Urban Survival Kit (TUSK) for M1 Abrams, slat armor for the Stryker, ERA kit for the FV432, AZUR for Leclerc, and others. Similar solutions are active protection systems, engaging closing projectiles such as the Russian Drozd and Arena and Israeli TROPHY.

El Salvador

RPGs were a main tool used by the FMLN's guerrilla forces in the Salvadoran Civil War. For example, during the June 19, 1986 overrun of the San Miguel Army base, FMLN sappers dressed only in black shorts, their faces blacked out with grease, sneaked through barbedwire at night, avoiding the searchlights, they made it to within firing range of the outer wall. Using RPGs to initiate the attack, they blew through the wall and killed a number of Salvadoran soldiers. They eliminated the outermost sentries and the searchlights with the rockets, then made it into the inner wall, which they also punched through. They were then able to create mayhem as their comrades attacked from the outside. [Spencer, David E. "From Vietnam to El Salvador: The Saga of the FMLN sappers and Other Guerrilla Special Forces in Latin America"; Praeger Publishers (1996) ]

Lebanon

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Hezbollah fired thousands of antitank missiles in the course of the conflict; 50 Israeli tanks were hit, and the armour was penetrated in the case of 22 of those tanks, (14 at the Battles of Marjayoun and Wadi Saluki), killing 23 people. The RPG penetrations were caused by tandem warhead missiles that had been supplied by Syria and Iran, including the RPG-29 'Vampir', AT-5 Spandrel 'Konkurs', AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M', and АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet' missiles. Eighteen of the damaged tanks were Mark IVs, although eight of them were still serviceable. Two tanks were completely destroyed by powerful improvised explosive devices, although one was equipped with underside armour, which limited its casualties to 1 of the 7 soldiers inside. The Israeli military said that it was satisfied with the tank's performance, and linked problems to lack of proper training prior to the war. [cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3297431,00.html |title=Why did Armored Corps fail in Lebanon? |publisher=Ynet] ["Defense establishment favors Rafael tank protection system", Amnon Barzilai, Globes Online. Retrieved September 26, 2007.]

Anti-aircraft

The RPG is somewhat useful in the anti-aircraft role. Helicopters are typically ambushed as they land, take off or hover. In Afghanistan, the Mujahideen would modify RPGs for use against Soviet helicopters by adding a curved pipe to the rear of the launcher tube, which diverted the backblast, allowing the RPG to be fired upward at aircraft from a prone position. This made the operator less visible prior to firing and decreased the risk of injury from hot exhaust gasses. Mujahideen also utilized the 4.5-second timer on RPG rounds to make the weapon function as part of a flak battery. Multiple launchers were needed in order to increase the chances of a hit.

At the time, Soviet helicopters countered the threat from RPGs at landing zones by first clearing them with anti-personnel saturation fire. The Soviets also varied the number of accompanying helicopters (two or three) in an effort to upset Afghan force estimations and preparation. In response, the Mujahideen prepared dug-in firing positions with top cover, and again, Soviet forces altered their tactics by using air-dropped fuel-air bombs on such landing zones. As the U.S.-supplied Stinger surface-to-air missiles became available to them, the Afghans abandoned RPG attacks.

Both of the Black Hawk helicopters lost by the U.S. during the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia in 1993 were downed by RPG-7s. In Iraq and the second Afghanistan campaign, RPGs were deployed with mixed success against Coalition helicopter forces.

Russian RPGs

RPGs currently in service in the Russian Ground Forces:
* Anti-personnel explosives
** RPG-7V2 - Reloadable RPG launcher, TBG-7V thermobaric and OG-7V frag rockets
** RPG-27 - One-shot disposable RPG launcher, RShG-1 thermobaric rockets
** RPG-29 - Reloadable RPG launcher, TBG-29 thermobaric rockets
* Anti-tank explosives"'
** RPG-7V2 - Reloadable RPG launcher, PG-7VL with ~500mm RHA penetration, PG-7VR with ~600mm RHA penetration after ERA
** RPG-16 - Reloadable RPG launcher, PG-16 with ~300mm RHA penetration, higher accuracy and four times the range of the RPG-7
** RPG-18 - One-shot disposable RPG launcher, PG-18 with ~375mm RHA penetration
** RPG-22 - One-shot disposable RPG launcher, PG-22 with ~400mm RHA penetration
** RPG-26 - One-shot disposable RPG launcher, PG-26 with ~500mm RHA penetration
** RPG-27 - One-shot disposable RPG launcher, PG-27 with ~750mm RHA penetration after ERA
** RPG-29 - Reloadable RPG launcher, PG-29V with ~750mm RHA penetration after ERA
** RPG-32 "Khashim" Latest variant of RPG 105mm Caliber

References

See also

* Grenade launcher
* Shoulder-launched missile weapon
* Panzerfaust and Panzerfaust 3
* Soviet and Russian RPG models: RPG-2, RPG-7, PG-7VR, RPG-16, RPG-18, RPG-22, RPG-26, RPG-27, RPG-29
* Chinese PLA models: Type 69 RPG
* Palestinian models: Yasin
* M72 LAW, MK-153 SMAW, M136 AT4—similar weapons used by US Armed Forces
* RPG-43, RPG-40, RPG-6—Soviet anti-tank handgrenades in use during World War II

External links

* [http://www.defense-update.com/products/r/rpg.htm RPG-7]
* [http://www.defense-update.com/features/du-1-04/rpg-threat.htm Countering The RPG Threat]
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m72.htm M72 LAW]
* [http://old.exile.ru/2004-April-29/war_nerd.html Most Valuable Weapon: the RPG] , Gary Brecher on the history and use of the RPG
* [http://www.chaostan.com/washington-times-1985.html Patrick Henry updated, with Missiles] , Richard J. Maybury Washington Times Commentary