Clipper (programming language)

Clipper

Appeared in	1985 (1985)
Stable release	CA Clipper 5.3b (May 20, 1997)
OS	DOS
Website	http://www.grafxsoft.com/clipper.htm

Clipper is a computer programming language that is used to create software programs that originally operated primarily under DOS. Although it is a powerful general-purpose programming language, it was primarily used to create database/business programs.

History

Clipper was originally created in 1985 as a compiler for dBASE III, a very popular database language at the time. Compiling dBASE code changes it from interpreted code, which must be interpreted every time each line of code is executed, to p-code, which uses a Virtual Machine to process the compiled p-code. p-code is considerably faster, but still not as fast as the machine code generated by native compilers. As a technical marketing ploy, the p-code was wrapped into object code (linkable .obj files) which gave the impression that it was compiled to native code. Clipper was created by Nantucket Corporation led by Barry ReBell (political) and Brian Russell (technical), and later sold to Computer Associates. GrafX Software licensed CA-Clipper in 2002 from CA for ongoing marketing and distribution.

As the product matured, it remained a DOS tool for many years, but added elements of the C programming language and Pascal programming language, as well as OOP, and the code-block data-type (hybridizing the concepts of dBase macros, or string-evaluation, and function pointers), to become far more powerful than the original. Nantucket's Aspen project later matured into the Windows native-code Visual Objects compiler.

The Clipper language is being actively implemented and extended by multiple organizations/vendors, like XBase++ from Alaska Software and FlagShip, as well as free (GPL-licensed) projects like Harbour and xHarbour.

Many of the current implementations are portable (DOS, Windows, Linux (32- and 64-bit), Unix (32- and 64-bit), and Mac OS X), supporting many language extensions [1], and have greatly extended runtime libraries, as well as various Replaceable Database Drivers (RDD) supporting many popular database formats, like DBF, DBTNTX, DBFCDX (FoxPro, Apollo and Comix), MachSix (SIx Driver and Apollo), SQL, and more. These newer implementations all strive for full compatibility with the standard dBase/xBase syntax, while also offering OOP approaches and target-based syntax such as SQLExecute().

The Clipper Usenet newsgroups are comp.lang.clipper and comp.lang.clipper.visual-objects.

Programming in Clipper

A simple hello world - application:

? "Hello World!"

A simple data base input mask:

USE Customer SHARED NEW
clear
@  1, 0 SAY "CustNum" GET Customer->CustNum PICT "999999" VALID Customer->CustNum > 0
@  3, 0 SAY "Contact" GET Customer->Contact VALID !empty(Customer->Contact)
@  4, 0 SAY "Address" GET Customer->Address
READ

Version history

The various versions of Clipper were

From Nantucket Corporation; the "seasonal versions", billed as "dBase compilers"

• Nantucket Clipper Winter'84 - released May 25, 1985
• Nantucket Clipper Summer'85 - released 1985
• Nantucket Clipper Winter'85 - released January 29, 1986
• Nantucket Clipper Autumn'86 - released October 31, 1986
• Nantucket Clipper Summer'87 - released December 21, 1987

From Nantucket Corporation; Clipper 5

• Nantucket Clipper 5.00 - released 1990
• Nantucket Clipper 5.01 - released April 15, 1991
• Nantucket Clipper 5.01 Rev.129 - released March 31, 1992

and from Computer Associates; CA-Clipper 5

• CA Clipper 5.01a -
• CA Clipper 5.20 - released February 15, 1993
• CA-Clipper 5.2a - released March 15, 1993
• CA Clipper 5.2b - released June 25, 1993
• CA-Clipper 5.2c - released August 6, 1993
• CA Clipper 5.2d - released March 25, 1994
• CA-Clipper 5.2e - released February 7, 1995
• CA Clipper 5.30 - released June 26, 1995
• CA Clipper 5.3a - released May 20, 1996
• CA Clipper 5.3b - released May 20, 1997

External links

• Alaska Software vendor of XBase++
• Apollo database engine supports CA-Clipper and FoxPro data files
• Free Open Source Graphic,GUI & Form Designer for CA-Clipper
• mini Clipper FAQ
• Print from Clipper to newest Windows printers article
• The Oasis is the largest file archive for CA-Clipper and xBase on the web
• Visual FlagShip Clipper compatible compiler for Linux, Unix and Windows
• Xailer Integrated development environment for Windows
• Harbour Project A 32/64 bit multiplatform Clipper compiler
• From CA-Clipper to Windows in 5 minutes How to install Harbour MiniGUI and compile a windows-exe.
• DBFree - xBase interpreter for the web (adds xBase/Clipper server-side scripting to IIS / Apache / Xitami web servers)