- Summation by parts
In
mathematics , summation by parts transforms thesummation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. The summation by parts formula is sometimes called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation.Definition
Suppose f_k} and g_k} are two
sequence s. Then,:sum_{k=m}^n f_k(g_{k+1}-g_k) = left [f_{n+1}g_{n+1} - f_m g_m ight] - sum_{k=m}^n g_{k+1}(f_{k+1}- f_k).Using the
forward difference operator Delta, it can be stated more succinctly as:sum_{k=m}^n f_kDelta g_k = left [f_{n+1} g_{n+1} - f_m g_m ight] - sum_{k=m}^n g_{k+1}Delta f_k,Note that summation by parts is an analogue to the
integration by parts formula,:int f,dg = f g - int g,df.Newton series
The formula is sometimes stated in the slightly different form
:sum_{k=0}^n f_k g_k= f_n sum_{k=0}^n g_k - sum_{j=0}^{n-1} left( f_{j+1}- f_j ight) sum_{k=0}^j g_k,
which itself is a special case (M=1) of this more general rule
:sum_{k=0}^n f_k g_k= sum_{i=0}^{M-1} left( -1 ight)^i f_{n-i}^{(i)} G_{n-i}^{(i+1)}+ left( -1 ight) ^{M} sum_{j=0}^{n-M} f_j^{(M)} G_j^{(M)},
which results from iterated application of the initial formula. The auxiliary quantities are
Newton series ::f_j^{(M)}= sum_{k=0}^M left(-1 ight)^{M-k} {M choose k} f_{j+k}
and
:G_j^{(M)}= sum_{k=0}^j {j-k+M-1 choose M-1} g_k;here, n choose k} is the
binomial coefficient .The initial equation may be stated alternatively as:sum_{k=0}^n f_k g_k = f_0 sum_{k=0}^n g_k+ sum_{j=0}^{n-1} (f_{j+1}-f_j) sum_{k=j+1}^n g_k.
Method
For two given sequences a_n) , and b_n) ,, with n in N, one wants to study the sum of the following series:
S_N = sum_{n=0}^N a_n b_nIf we define B_n = sum_{k=0}^n b_k ,
then for every n>0, b_n = B_n - B_{n-1} ,S_N = a_0 b_0 + sum_{n=1}^N a_n (B_n - B_{n-1})
S_N = a_0 b_0 - a_1 B_0 + a_N B_N + sum_{n=1}^{N-1} B_n (a_n - a_{n+1})
Finally S_N = a_N B_N - sum_{n=0}^{N-1} B_n (a_{n+1} - a_n)This process, called an Abel transformation, can be used to prove several criteria of convergence for S_N , .
imilarity with an integration by parts
The formula for an integration by parts is int_a^b f(x) g'(x),dx = left [ f(x) g(x) ight] _{a}^{b} - int_a^b f'(x) g(x),dx
Beside the boundary conditions, we notice that the first integral contains two multiplied functions, one which is integrated in the final integral ( g' , becomes g , ) and one which is derivated ( f , becomes f' , ).The process of the Abel transformation is similar, since one of the two initial sequences is summed ( b_n , becomes B_n , ) and the other one is discretely derivated ( a_n , becomes a_{n+1} - a_n , ).
Applications
Let's consider that a_N b_N ightarrow 0, otherwise it is obvious that S_N), is a
divergent series .If B_n) , is
bounded by a real M and sum_{n=0}^N (a_{n+1} - a_n) isabsolutely convergent , then S_N), is aconvergent series .S_N| le |a_N b_N| + sum_{n=0}^{N-1} |B_n| |a_{n+1}-a_n|
And the sum of the series verifies:S = sum_{n=0}^infty a_n b_n le M sum_{n=0}^infty |a_{n+1}-a_n|
ee also
*
Convergent series
*Divergent series
*Integration by parts
*Abel's theorem
*Abel transform References
*planetmathref|id=3843|title=Abel's lemma
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