- Alabarch
The alabarch was the Greek title of an official who stood at the head of the
Jewish population of Alexandria during theHellenistic and early Roman periods.Etymology
The etymology of the word ἀλαβάρχης (alabarches), and, therefore, the original nature of the office, is obscure. In former times it was customary to derive it from ἄλς (hals, sea), which derivation might indicate dominion over the sea. The word is, however, also written ἀραβάρχης, and in
Latin "arabarches", for which reason some think the term indicates dominion over Arabia—the old name of the part of Egypt east of the Nile. It is hard to understand how a Jew, even if he were the most prominent man of the congregation of Alexandria, could be called ruler ofArabia , especially as Alexandria is, in fact, west of the Nile. The trend of modern opinion is to connect it with the Greek term for ink, ἄλαβα (alaba), taking ink in the sense ofwriting (scriptura), which, in those days, was a token fortax (vectigal). Such a derivation would imply that the Alabarch was a farmer of taxes, certainly from the time of thePtolemies ; and, judging by inscriptions which give a similar title to an office of the Thebaid in Egypt, he must also have collected the toll on animals passing through the country.Strabo , [quoted byJosephus , "Ant." xiv. 7, § 2] who was inEgypt about 24 BCE, calls the governor of the Jews "ethnarch " (ἐθνάρχης), and remarks that he ruled over the Jews as over an autonomous community (Ως ἄν πōλιτείας ἄρχων αὐτōτελōῦς). If the term as used by Strabo is correct, then the Alabarch must have been known among the Greeks as ethnarch; so that one would surmise that the term ἀλαβάρχης was used only by the Jews. Strabo's ethnarch is usually identified with the Alabarch, without further question; but Franz is of the opinion ["C. I. G." iii. 291a] that the Alabarch was only a subordinate functionary of the ethnarch.History
Grätz ["Monatsschrift," xxx. 206] considers the alabarchs to be descendants of the priestOnias IV , who emigrated to Egypt; and he includes the generalsHilkias andAnanias , sons of Onias, among the alabarchs, though sources for this is lacking. The following alabarchs are known by name:*
Alexander Lysimachus
*Julius Alexander Lysimachus , son of the preceding.
* Demetrius ["Ant." xx. 7, § 3]The name Julius was also borne by Julius Alexander's brother
Tiberius Julius Alexander (who afterward becamegovernor of Egypt), probably in honor of the imperial family of theJulii . Berenice, daughter of the Herodian Agrippa I, who bore the cognomen Julia, was married to Marcus, son of the Alabarch Alexander. This Marcus appears to have died early, ["Ant." xix. 5, § 1] for Berenice immediately after married another.Philo relates that after the death of one of the Alabarchs, the Emperor Augustus appointed a Council of Elders (γερōυσία) for the Jewish community of Alexandria: but in an edict ofClaudius it is stated that, after the death of one of the Alabarchs, he permitted the appointment of a successor. Philo was himself descended from the Alabarch family, ["Ant." xviii. 8, § 1] and was either the brother or the nephew of Alexander Lysimachus. It is impossible to fix the date of either the beginning or the end of the line of Alabarchs. It may have ceased during the disturbances underTrajan . The brothersJulianus and Pappus , the leaders of the Jews during this revolt, were indeed natives of Alexandria, but were not Alabarchs.Tannaim of the second century would appear to allude to the Alabarchs. [see Sifre, Deut. 1, end; YalḲ. Deut. § 792] In theTalmud there is no mention of them. Grätz has made it probable that the Nikanor after whom certain gates of theTemple of Jerusalem — often mentioned in theMishnah , Talmud, andMidrash — were named, and who was, therefore, a public benefactor and undoubtedly a wealthy man, belonged to the family of the Alabarchs.Notes
References
*JewishEncyclopedia
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