Battle of the Trebia

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of the Trebia
partof=the Second Punic War


caption=
date=18 December, 218 BC
place=Trebbia River, present-day Italy
casus=
territory=
result=Carthaginian victory
combatant1=Carthage
combatant2=Roman Republic
commander1=Hannibal
commander2=Tiberius Sempronius Longus
strength1=20,000 Spanish, Libyan and Gallic infantry.10,000 cavalry including Gaul’s.Approximately 37 elephants
strength2=Consular army of 16,000 plus 20,000 allied infantry.4000 cavalry.
casualties1=Unknown, but low
casualties2=20,000

The Battle of the Trebia (or Trebbia) was the first major battle of the Second Punic War, fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Roman Republic in 218 BC.

Prelude

Hannibal began the Second Punic War in 219 BC by attacking the Roman-allied city of Saguntum, in modern Spain. After capturing the city, he marched on Italy, leading a force of approximately 40,000 men and dozens of war elephants towards Italy via an inland route, crossing over the Alps. While he lost a large portion of his forces, those who survived the journey were the most hardened and elite of Hannibal’s army. The Carthaginian force made it through the mountains successfully, winning a small battle at the river Ticinus. The Roman Senate, appalled by the early setback at Ticinus, ordered the consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus, who was stationed in Sicily, to reinforce the existing Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, who had been wounded during the battle. Hannibal, by skilful manoeuvres, was in position to head him off, for he lay on the direct road between Placentia and Ariminum, by which Sempronius would have to march in order to reinforce Scipio. But he then captured Clastidium, to resupply his forces; Sempronius took advantage of Hannibal's distraction, slipped around his flank, and joined his colleague in the Roman camp near the Trebia River, flowing from the Apennines into the nearby Po. Hannibal now had no choice but to fight both consuls, and set about luring Sempronius, known to be rash and impulsive, into a pitched battle on equal terms, before the more cautious Scipio could recover from his wounds and assume command.

Battle

Preparation

The December of 218 BC was particularly cold and snowy. Scipio was still recovering from his wounds but Sempronius was spoiling for a fight. Eager to come to blows with Hannibal before Scipio could recover and assume command –and particularly as the time for the election of new consuls was drawing near—Sempronius took measures looking for a general engagement, disregarding Scipio's caution to beware of Hannibal. [Dodge, Theodore. "Hannibal". Cambridge Massachusetts: De Capo Press, 1891 ISBN 0-306-81362-9] Unfortunately for Sempronius, Hannibal was aware of this, and prepared a plan to take advantage of Sempronius' impetuosity. Hannibal's force was camped across the cold and swollen Trebia River. [http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=macgregor&book=rome&story=trebia Mary Macgregor, "The Story of Rome", retrieved on 18 December 2006] ] He had noticed, says Polybius, a "“place between the two camps, flat indeed and treeless, but well adapted for an ambuscade, as it was traversed by a water-course with steep banks, densely overgrown with brambles and other thorny plants, and here he proposed to lay a stratagem to surprise the enemy”".Cottrell, Leonard, "Enemy of Rome", Evans Bros, 1965. ISBN 0-237-44320-1 (pbk)] Hannibal, having ascertained by the use of several Gallic spies the whereabouts of his opponents, which he had deemed essential, sent a chosen detachment of 1,000 light infantry and 1,000 Numidian cavalry [http://www.unrv.com/empire/invasion-of-italy.php Invasion of Italy ] ] under the command of his younger brother Mago, to conceal themselves in the underbush among the streambeds along the Trebia under the cover of night, and prepare an ambush for the Romans. Then, on the following morning, he sent his cavalry beyond the Trebia to harass the nearby Roman camp and retreat, so as to lure the Romans into a position from which Mago’s hidden detachment could strike at the opportune moment.

Events

No sooner had the Carthaginian cavalrymen arrived in the vicinity of the Roman camp than Sempronius sent out his own cavalry to drive them off, and shortly afterwards recklessly sent towards battle his entire army of 36,000 Roman infantry, 4,000 allied equites auxilia (light auxiliary cavalry), and 3,000 Gallic auxiliaries. The day was raw, snow was falling, the Romans had not yet eaten their morning meal, and by the time the legions had crossed the Trebia fords the men were exceedingly tired and chilled. The Carthaginians on the other hand, had fed themselves well, and anointed themselves in oil before their campfires. Hannibal now arranged his army on a field of his own choosing. He positioned 1,000 light infantry as a skirmishing line, and behind them, he placed the main battle line of 20,000 infantry of Libyan, Iberians, and Celtic mercenary infantry, with 10,000 light shock cavalry and some fifteen elephants split between the two flanks. Sempronius arranged his army in the standard Roman three-line formation, throwing out the "velites" (Roman skirmish infantry) to the front, and placing the cavalry on the flanks, while the Gallic warriors, who were allied to Rome, were placed on the left of the legions.

---

thumb|left|300px|Battle of the Trebia plan.">legend|#ee0000|Romans

The light infantry screen first clashed, but the "velites" performed poorly and they were withdrawn. After the "velites" retired through the gaps in the Roman line, the "hastati" and "principes" (heavy-armed infantry or legionaries) took their place and engaged in a struggle with their opponents. As the opposing heavy infantry remained locked in a severe hand-to-hand struggle, the Carthaginian cavalry and elephants attacked the Roman cavalry, whom they greatly outnumbered. Gradually, the Roman cavalry wings were pushed farther and farther back, leaving their infantry, whom they intended to protect, more and more exposed. Meanwhile, Hannibal had dispatched forward all his war elephants to attack the Gallic allies on the extreme Roman left, who, having never seen such creatures before, were quickly demoralized and retreated. After the Roman cavalry had been driven off the field, the Carthaginian cavalry fell savagely on the unprotected flanks of the Roman legionaries, hindering them from dealing with the enemy foot soldiers who faced them. At the same time, Mago’s hidden force emerged from the ambush and fell upon the rear of the hard-pressed Roman infantry. With their morale already sapped by cold, hunger and fatigue, the Romans broke under this fresh onslaught and then finally collapsed under intense pressure. [ [http://www.barca.fsnet.co.uk/ Gowen, Hilary, "Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars"] .]

What had once been a line of determined fighting soldiers became a mob of helpless men, whose only remaining strength was in their legs. Thousands were cut down on the spot and trampled by elephants, and many more drowned attempting to cross the river to safety. Trapped in between Hannibal’s forces, the Romans were quickly routed, losing more than a third of their forces. The vanguard of Sempronius' centre had a more fortunate fate. Having been forced to advance by pressure from the rear, the Romans in the centre actually defeated the troops opposing them, and managed to break through the Carthaginian line, advancing so far that they became separated from their wings. However, seeing that both their flanks had been driven from the field, these men retired in good order to the nearby town of Placentia. This resulted in Hannibal’s first great victory over the Romans.

Aftermath

The Romans, stunned and dismayed by Sempronius’s defeat at Trebia, immediately made plans to counter the new threat from the north. The Romans found to their cost that Hannibal would not be defeated as easily as they expected. From then on Rome's greatest fear was that Hannibal would get an army of considerable size. [G.A. Henty-book The Young Carthaginian] Sempronius returned to Rome and the Roman senate resolved to elect new consuls the following year in 217 B.C. The two new consuls elected were Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Gaius Flaminius, the latter of whom would lead the Roman army during the debacle at Lake Trasimene.

Video games

* This battle is featured in the demo of videogame "" as well as being a historical battle in the full game itself.
* It was also the first battle in the series "Time Commanders"

References

External links

* [http://www.rickard.karoo.net/articles/battles_trebia.html Battle of the Trebia]