Tarring and feathering

Tarring and feathering is a physical punishment, used to enforce formal justice in feudal Europe and informal justice in Europe and its colonies in the early modern period, as well as the early American frontier, mostly as a type of mob vengeance (compare Lynch law).

Description

Both tar, which was used in and around 1774, and feathers from edible fowl sources (such as chickens) were plentiful. In a typical tar-and-feathers attack, the subject of a crowd's anger would be stripped to the waist. Hot tar was either poured or painted onto the person while he or she was immobilized. Then the victim either had feathers thrown on him or was rolled around on a pile of feathers so that they stuck to the tar. Often the victim was then paraded around town on a cart or a rail. The aim was to hurt and humiliate a person enough to leave town and not cause any more mischief.

The practice was never an official punishment in the United States, but rather a form of vigilante justice. It was eventually abandoned as society moved away from public, corporal punishment and toward rehabilitation of criminals.

* A more brutal derivation called "pitchcapping", designed to badly damage skin and flesh on the head, was used by British soldiers against suspected rebels during the period of the Irish Rebellion of 1798.
* Sometimes only the head was shaven, tarred and feathered.
* In a milder form, avoiding wounds by fixing the tar on (under)clothing, it is still occasionally used, as a humiliating or jocular punishment, as for disobedient fraternity pledges (compare hazing).

First degree burns are sustained after a split second contact with a material that is about 70 °C (160 °F). The same is also sustained after thirty seconds of contact with 55 °C (130 °F) material. The tar of that period was of such a quality that it only melted at about 60 °C (140 °F) but was often heated to higher temperatures. At temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F) burns can be created with a three second contact. Fact|date=August 2008

Furthermore, after the tar had cooled, it and the feathers would have to be peeled or rubbed off with lard, usually taking a good deal of skin with them. These would leave ugly scars and infection could set in. Depending on how "complete" the job was done, there was also a risk of heat stroke as the tar would act as a strong insulator and prevent the skin from breathing. Fact|date=August 2008

As a public or vigilante punishment, the purpose is to socially ostracize the victim. The hot tar scars and disfigures so the victim would be seen, wherever he went, to have suffered the punishment. Fact|date=August 2008 The feathers serve to dehumanize the victim and expulsion from the community by carting or running him out of town completes the act. Riding a rail (especially the old sharp-edged triangular style) could cut and damage the crotch and impair the victim's ability to walk without pain. The agonized screams of the victim were typically drowned out by the noise of the crowd and the clanging of metal objects (pans, bells, etc.).

History

The earliest mention of the punishment occurs in the orders of Richard I of England, issued to his navy on starting for the Holy Land in 1191. "Concerning the lawes and ordinances appointed by King Richard for his navie the forme thereof was this... item, a thiefe or felon that hath stolen, being lawfully convicted, shal have his head shorne, and boyling pitch poured upon his head, and feathers or downe strawed upon the same whereby he may be knowen, and so at the first landing-place they shall come to, there to be cast up" (transcript of original statute in "Hakluyt's Voyages", ii. 21).

A later instance of this penalty being inflicted is given in "Notes and Queries" (series 4, vol. v), which quotes one James Howell writing from Madrid, in 1623, of the "boisterous Bishop of Halberstadt," who, "having taken a place where there were two monasteries of nuns and friars, he caused divers feather beds to be ripped, and all the feathers thrown into a great hall, whither the nuns and friars were thrust naked with their bodies oiled and pitched and to tumble among these feathers, which makes them here (Madrid) presage him an ill-death." In 1696 a London bailiff, who attempted to serve process on a debtor who had taken refuge within the precincts of the Savoy, was tarred and feathered and taken in a wheelbarrow to the Strand, where he was tied to the maypole which stood by what is now Somerset House, as an improvised pillory.

The first recorded incident in America was in 1766: Captain William Smith was tarred, feathered, and dumped into the harbor of Norfolk, Virginia, by a mob that included the town's Mayor. He was picked up by a vessel just as his strength was giving out. He survived, and was later quoted as saying that "... [they] dawbed my body and face all over with tar and afterwards threw feathers on me." As with most other tar-and-feathers victims in the following decade, Smith was suspected of informing on smugglers to the British Customs service.

The punishment appeared in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1767, when mobs avenged themselves on low-level employees of the Customs service with tar and feathers. In October 1769, a mob in Boston attacked a Customs service sailor the same way, and a few similar attacks followed through 1774 (the tarring and feathering of customs worker John Malcolm received particular attention in 1774). Such acts associated the punishment with the Patriot side of the American Revolution. In March 1775, a British regiment inflicted the same treatment on a Massachusetts man they suspected of trying to buy their muskets. There is no case of a person dying from being tarred and feathered in this period.Fact|date=December 2007

During the Whiskey Rebellion, the punishment was inflicted on Federal tax agents by local farmers.

In the early years of the Latter Day Saint movement during the early-to-mid 1800s, many of its adherents were tarred and feathered as a way to pressure the early LDS into leaving town or renouncing their beliefs. [cite web |url=http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=325| title=A Test of Faith: The Book of Mormon in the Missouri Conflict | work=Journal of Book of Mormon Studies| publisher=BYU| first=Clark| last=Johnson| accessdate=2008-04-26| date=2003]

In 1851 a Know-Nothing mob in Ellsworth, Maine tarred and feathered a Swiss-born Jesuit priest, Father John Bapst, in the midst of a local controversy over religious education in grammar schools. Bapst fled Ellsworth to settle in nearby Bangor, Maine, where there was a large Irish-Catholic community, and a local high school there is named for him. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02258a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]

In the 1920s, vigilantes opposed to IWW organizers at California's harbor of San Pedro, kidnapped at least one organizer, subjected him to tarring and feathering, and left him in a remote location.

Also during the 19th and 20th centuries, many African Americans were subjected to this treatment as a form of punishment or harassment.Fact|date=March 2008

Following the Liberation of France in World War II there were instances of alleged German collaborators being tarred and featheredFact|date=January 2008 by street mobs. Most of the victims of this practice were women accused of "a Collaboration horizontale," i.e., sexual relations with German soldiers.

Similar tactics were also used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the early years of the The Troubles. Many of the victims were women who had been in sexual relationships with policemen or British soldiers.

There was a report of a swindler being tarred, feathered, and ridden on a rail near Pigeon Forge, TN, in the 1990s. In addition to six weeks in hospital, he spent three years in prison for his crimes. His attackers were never identified.

In August 2007, loyalist groups in Northern Ireland were linked to the tarring and feathering of an individual accused of drug-dealing. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6966493.stm BBC News "Belfast man tarred and feathered" Retrieved on 28 August 2007 ]

Pop culture

*On the Spanish game show "el gran juego de la oca" the contestant who lands on space 58 received this punishment, the contestant was tarred fully clothed and then they pour feathers on her/him.

*In "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn", the Dauphin and the Duke are tarred, feathered, and ridden on a rail in Pikesville after performing the Royal Nonesuch to a crowd whom Jim had previously forewarned about the rapscallions.

*Edgar Allan Poe's humorous short story "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" features the staff of an insane asylum being tarred and feathered.

*Jimmy Carter's 2003 novel "Hornet's Nest" describes the tarring and feathering of a Tory by members of the Sons of Liberty. The man suffered severe burns on both feet as the tar filled his boots and had toes amputated as a result.

*Characters are frquently shown tarred and feathered in the comic series "Lucky Luke", set in the American Old West.

*In the 1972 John Waters film Pink Flamingos, Connie and Raymond Marbles (played by Mink Stole and David Lochary), are tarred and feathered as retribution for a series of misdeeds against the film's protagonist, Babs Johnson (Divine).

*On the video game "Curse of Monkey Island", Guybrush Threepwood is tarred and feathered by monkey crew members of a pirate ship. He later uses this to pose as El Pollo Diablo, a giant chicken who has terrorised the area.

*Broken Lizard's film, Beerfest, includes a scene in which Cloris Leachman's character and her son are tarred and feathered in turn of the century Germany.

*The 2008 HBO miniseries "John Adams" featured a scene in which British Loyalist John Malcolm is tarred and feathered by patriots.

*In Daniel Knauf's "Carnivàle" in an episode named Lincoln Highway, Clayton "Jonesy" Jones, the crippled co-manager, is almost lethally tarred and feathered.

*In "The Simpsons" episode "Treehouse of Horror XVIII," one of Marge Simpson's sisters appears to have been tarred and feathered from a Halloween prank.

* In "The Simpsons" episode "Bart of Darkness," Bart gets Grandpa tarred and feathered.

*The avant-garde electronic music artist Fad Gadget often performed on stage while tarred and feathered.

* In an episode of Jackass, Ryan Dunn was tarred and feathered by Bam Margera.

Metaphorical uses

The image of the tarred-and-feathered outlaw is so vivid that the expression remains a metaphor for public humiliation, many years after the practice disappeared. An example (in a story serial in a web forum) is: "The last episode was meant to be a cliffhanger, but readers' comments showed that they would tar and feather me if I did not quickly rescue the hero and show what happened next.". The phrase "tarred with the same brush" (meaning to be perceived negatively because of an association with someone) may also be derived from the practice.

References

ources and external links

*Text of law of Richard I http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/richard.htm
*1911
*" [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a3_020.html Has anyone actually ever been tarred and feathered?] " at Straight Dope
* Richard L. Bushman, ., Alfred Knopf, 2005, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4