Tozama daimyo

A nihongo|Tozama daimyo|外様大名 was a daimyo who was considered an outsider by the rulers of Japan. The term came into use in the Kamakura period and continued until the end of the Edo period.

Edo period

The daimyo who submitted to the Tokugawa shogunate after the Battle of Sekigahara were classified as "tozama". Many of the largest fiefs were ruled by "tozama". The biggest was the Maeda clan of Kaga with a value of 1,000,000 koku. Others included the Shimazu family of Satsuma, the Mori, the Date, Hachisuka, and the Uesugi. Many, but not all, of these families, had been living in roughly the same regions for centuries before the Tokugawa shogunate.

Tokugawa Ieyasu had treated the great "tozama" vassals amicably but later, between 1623 and 1626, Tokugawa Iemitsu was less tolerant of them. Particularly in western Japan, the "tozama" daimyo heavily profited from foreign trade in the mid 17th century. Their growing success was a threat to the shogunate, which responded by preventing the ports of western Japan and Kyūshū from trading.

To keep the "tozama" in check, the shogunate stationed "fudai" daimyo in strategic locations, including along major roads and near important cities. For much of the Edo period, the shogunate ordinarily did not appoint "tozama" to high positions within the government. These went instead to the "fudai" daimyo. However, this began to change in the Bakumatsu era; one tozama daimyo (Matsumae Takahiro) even became a "rōjū".

Tozama daimyo from Satsuma and Choshu (Shimazu and Mori clans respectively) were responsible for the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Bakumatsu era. Rallying other tozama to their cause, they fought against the shogunate, Aizu, and the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei during the Boshin War of 1868-69. Many people from Satsuma and Choshu dominated politics in the ensuing decades, and well into the 20th century.

References

*Ooms, Herman (1975). "Charismatic Bureaucrat". Chicago: University of Chicago Press.