Ashikaga Yoshiteru

, also known as Yoshihusi, was the 13th shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate who reigned from 1546 to 1565 during the late Muromachi period of Japan. He was the eldest son of the 12th shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiharu; and his mother was a daughter of Konoe Taneie (later called 慶寿院 "Keijuin"). When he became shogun in 1546 at age 11, Yoshiteru's name was Yoshihusi (sometimes translated as Yoshifuji; [Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982). "Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron, p. 298.] but some years later in 1554, he changed his name to the one by which he is conventionally known today. [Titsingh, p. 381.] His younger brother Ashikaga Yoshiaki would become fifteenth shogun.

Installed as shogun

After his father, Yoshiharu, was forced to retire in 1546 over a political struggle with Hosokawa Harumoto, Yoshiteru became "Seii Taishogun", albeit a puppet shogun like his father. Yoshiteru was only 11 at the time and his coronation ceremony was held at Sakamoto, Ōmi Province, outside Kyoto.

Yoshiteru had barely been confrimed as shogun, when his father Yoshiharu made a truce with Harumoto to return to Kyoto. Yet, Harumoto's retainer Miyoshi Nagayoshi parted with Harumoto to take the side of Hosokawa Ujitsuna and two Hosokawa started a war that drove out Yoshiteru, his father Yoshiharu and Harumoto as well from Kyoto. On 1550, Yoshiharu died in Ōmi, unable to return to Kyoto.

Significant events shape the period during which Yoshiteru was shogun:Ackroyd, p. 332.]
* 1550 -- Yoshiharu dies in exile; Yoshiteru's "shogunate" in exile begins. [see above] ]
* 1551 -- Sue Harukata rebels against Ōuchi Yoshitaka. [see above] ]
* 1552 -- Yoshiteru returns to Kyoto, actual power being held by Miyoshi Chōkei and Matsunaga Hisahide. [see above] ]
* 1554-64 -- Ōuchi's retainer Mōri Motonari succeeds him and consolidates his power. [see above] ]
* 1557 -- Ōgimachi succeeds. [see above] ]
* 1558 -- Chōkei drives out Yoshiteru who, however, is reinstated. [see above] ]
* 1560 -- Oda Nobunaga slays Imagawa Yoshimoto. [see above] ]
* 1564 -- Uesugi Kenshin defeated by Takeda Shingen at Kawanakajima after continuous battles (1553-64). [see above] ]
* 1565 -- Matsunaga invests Kyoto; Yoshiteru suicides. [see above] ]

In 1552, Yoshiteru made a peace with Nagaharu to return to Kyoto. However, on the next year, Yoshiteru and Harumoto started a war against Nagayoshi to remove his influence. WIth the help of Rokkaku Yoshikata, the war initially went well for Yoshiteru but he was driven out of Kyoto again on 1558 with a counter attack from Nagayoshi. Nagayoshi did not press on the victory to kill Yoshiteru for fear of being accused of killing a shogun, and instead signed a truce to have Yoshiteru back in Kyoto under his influence. Nagayoshi became an advisor of Yoshiteru which essentially made Yoshiteru, nothing more than a rubber stamp.

Governance

Surrounded by daimyo who only intended to use the authority of shogun for their own good, Yoshiteru yet managed to reaffirm shogun's authority by active diplomacies that touched on every places of Japan. By trying to negotiate a peace between such well known daimyo as Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin, Shimazu Takahisa and Otomo Yoshishige, and Mori Motonari and Amago Haruhisa, shogun's authority was again recognized by various daimyo. Lacking resources, yet Yoshiteru saw opportunities to give his kanji "輝" on various samurai like Mori Terumoto to become something close to a godfather. Yoshiteru was well respected for his actions and many researchers credit him as being the last effective shogun to hold the post. Oda Nobunaga and Uesugi Kenshin were among the many daimyo and samurai who travelled to Kyoto to pay a respect to shogun.

End of Reign

In 1564, the long time supporter and oppresor Nagayoshi died of illness and Yoshiteru saw an opportunity to fully reclaim the shogun's authority. However, Matsunaga Hisahide and the three member council of Miyoshi, the Miyoshi Triumvirs, who wanted to rule just as Nagayoshi had, were willing to go to any length to remove Yoshiteru from the power and to have Ashikaga Yoshihide as the puppet shogun.

In 1565, Hisahide, and Miyoshi Yoshitsugu laid a siege against a collection of buildings (that would later become Nijo Castle) where Yoshiteru lived. Yoshiteru cherished kenjutsu and had Kamiizumi Nobutsuna and Tsukahara Bokuden teach him the art and skills of using katana. Bringing out over a dozen katana given to him by various daimyo, Yoshiteru was said to have killed a large number of enemy troops on his own, throwing aside the priceless katana that broke down. However, with no help arriving in time from the daimyo that would have supported him, Yoshiteru and the few troops under him were overrun by Miyoshi.

Three years would pass before his cousin Ashikaga Yoshihide became the fourteenth shogun.

Yoshiteru's Legacy

From his inner strength and skills of katana that he was known to have practiced regularly, Yoshiteru was called "Kengo Shogun" (剣豪将軍) and was as close to a samurai and a warlord as a shogun since Ashikaga Takauji had been. His governance was highly credited but to have been killed despite all actions completely destroyed what little recognition and authority Yoshiteru built up. He learnt fencing from Tsukahara Bokuden, and received the license of master.

The waka Yoshiteru was said to have left on his death shows how far he had dreamed and how short his archievement had been.

:五月雨は　露か涙か　不如帰:我が名をあげよ　雲の上まで

:"Samidare wa Tsuyu ka Namida ka Hototogisu":"Waga na o ageyo Kumo no Ue made"

:The May rain falls, and is it my tears or the mist that surround me?:Hototogisu (a bird, the kanji means "never to return") take my name and soar above clouds

Eras of Yoshiteru's "bakufu"

The years in which Yoshiteru was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō". [Titsingh, pp. 372-389.]
* "Tenbun" (1532-1555)
* "Kōji" (1555-1558)
* "Eiroku" (1558-1570)

Notes

References

* Ackroyd, Joyce. (1982) "Lessons from History: The Tokushi Yoron." Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. 10-ISBN 0-702-21485-X; 13-ISBN 978-0-702-21485-1 (cloth)
* Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834), [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652] , "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French).]