Pulse detonation engine

A pulse-detonation engine, or "PDE", is a type of propulsion system that can operate from subsonic up to hypersonic speeds. In theory the PDE design can produce an engine with a burn efficiency higher than other designs, with considerably fewer moving parts. The burn efficiency of a PDE can exceed even turbojets and turbofans. However, the impossibility of including a bypass fan in a PDE (which increases the overall efficiency of turbofans above the theoretical maximum for no-bypass engine) restricts the competitiveness of PDE to applications where turbofans are impractical or impossible.

To date, no practical PDE has been put into production, but several testbed engines have been built and one was successfully integrated into a low-speed demonstration aircraft that flew in sustained PDE powered flight in 2008.

NASA unveiled the Blackswift in late June 2008 that is intended to use this technology to be able to reach speeds of up to Mach 6. [http://blog.wired.com/defense/2008/06/the-military-wa.html "Wired" article] ]

Concept

All regular jet engines and most rocket engines operate on the "deflagration" of fuel, that is, the rapid but subsonic combustion of fuel. The pulse detonation engine is a concept currently in active development to create a jet engine that operates on the supersonic "detonation" of fuel.

The basic operation of the PDE is similar to that of the pulse jet engine; air is mixed with fuel to create a flammable mixture that is then ignited. The resulting combustion greatly increases the pressure of the mixture to approximately 100 atmospheres, [ [http://www.publicaddress.net/default,4114.sm Pulse Detonation Engines (interview) An interview with Dr John Hoke, head researcher from Innovative Scientific Solutions Incorporated PDE program under contract to the United States Air Force Research Laboratory] (broadcast on New Zealand radio, 14th April 2007)] which then expands through a nozzle for thrust. To ensure that the mixture exits to the rear, thereby pushing the aircraft forward, a series of shutters are used to close off the front of the engine. Careful tuning of the inlet ensures the shutters close at the right time to force the air to travel in one direction only through the engine.

The main difference between a PDE and a traditional pulsejet is that the mixture does not undergo subsonic combustion but instead, supersonic detonation. In the PDE, the oxygen and fuel combination process is supersonic, effectively an explosion instead of burning. The other difference is that the shutters are replaced by more sophisticated valves. In some PDE designs from General Electric, the shutters are eliminated through careful timing, using the pressure differences between the different areas of the engine to ensure the "shot" is ejected rearward.

The main side effect of the change in cycle is that the PDE is considerably more efficient. In the pulsejet the combustion pushes a considerable amount of the fuel/air mix (the "charge") out the rear of the engine before it has had a chance to burn (thus the trail of flame seen on the V-1 flying bomb). Even while inside the engine the mixture's volume is continually changing, which is an inefficient way to burn fuel. In contrast the PDE deliberately uses a high-speed combustion process that burns all of the charge while it is still inside the engine at a constant volume. This increases the burn efficiency, i.e. the amount of heat produced per unit of fuel, above any other engines, although conversion of that energy into thrust remains inefficient.

Another side effect, not yet demonstrated in practical use, is the cycle time. A traditional pulsejet tops out at about 250 pulses per second due to the cycle time of the mechanical shutters, but the aim of the PDE is thousands of pulses per second, so fast that it is basically continual from an engineering perspective. This should help smooth out the otherwise highly vibrational pulsejet engine – many small pulses will create less volume than a smaller number of larger ones for the same net thrust. Unfortunately, detonations are many times louder than deflagrations.

The major difficulty with a pulse-detonation engine is starting the detonation. While it is possible to start a detonation directly with a large spark, the amount of energy input is very large and is not practical for an engine. The typical solution is to use a deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) - that is, start a high-energy deflagration, and have it accelerate down a tube to the point where it becomes fast enough to become a detonation. Alternatively the detonation can be sent around a circle and valves ensure that only the highest peak power can leak into exhaust.

This process is far more complicated than it sounds, due to the resistance the advancing wavefront encounters (similar to wave drag). DDTs occur far more readily if there are obstacles in the tube. The most widely used is the "Shchelkin spiral", which is designed to create the most useful eddies with the least resistance to the moving fuel/air/exhaust mixture. The eddies lead to the flame separating into multiple fronts, some of which go backwards and collide with other fronts, and then accelerate into fronts ahead of them.

The behavior is difficult to model and to predict, and research is ongoing. As with conventional pulsejets, there are two main types of designs: valved and valveless. Designs with valves encounter the same difficult-to-resolve wear issues encountered with their pulsejet equivalents. Valveless designs typically rely on abnormalities in the air flow to ensure a one-way flow, and are very hard to achieve a regular DDT in.

NASA maintains a research program on the PDE, which is aimed at high-speed, about Mach 5, civilian transport systems. However most PDE research is military in nature, as the engine could be used to develop a new generation of high-speed, long-range reconnaissance aircraft that would fly high enough to be out of range of any current anti-aircraft defenses, while offering range considerably greater than the SR-71, which required a massive tanker support fleet to use in operation. (See Aurora aircraft)

While most research is on the high speed regime, newer designs with much higher pulse rates in the hundreds of thousands appear to work well even at subsonic speeds. Whereas traditional engine designs always include tradeoffs that limit them to a "best speed" range, the PDE appears to outperform them at all speeds. Both Pratt & Whitney and General Electric now have active PDE research programs in an attempt to commercialize the designs.

Key difficulties in pulse detonation engines are achieving DDT without requiring a tube long enough to make it impractical and drag-imposing on the aircraft; reducing the noise (often described as sounding like a jackhammer); and damping the severe vibration caused by the operation of the engine.

First PDE powered flight

The first flight of an aircraft powered by a pulse detonation engine took place at the Mojave Air & Space Port on January 31, 2008. [Norris, G., "Pulse Power: Pulse Detonation Engine-powered Flight Demonstration Marks Milestone in Mojave," "Aviation Week & Space Technology", Vol. 168, No. 7, 2008, pp. 60.] The project was developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory and [http://www.innssi.com Innovative Scientific Solutions, Inc] . The aircraft selected for the flight was a heavily modified Scaled Composites Long-EZ, named "Borealis". ["Borealis" display poster text at Museum of USAF] The engine consisted of four tubes producing pulse detonations at a frequency of 80 Hz, creating up to 200 pounds of thrust. Many fuels were considered and tested by the engine developers in recent years, but a refined Octane was used for this flight. A small rocket system was used to facilitate the liftoff of the Long-EZ, but the PDE operated under its own power for 10 seconds at an altitude of approximately 100 feet. Obviously, this flight took place at a low speed whereas the appeal of the PDE engine concept lies more at high speeds, but the demonstration showed that a PDE can be integrated into an aircraft frame without experiencing structural problems from the 195-200 dB detonation waves. No more flights are planned for the modified Long-EZ, but the success is likely to fuel more funding for PDE research. The aircraft itself has been moved to the National Museum of the United States Air Force for display. [ [http://www.afmc.af.mil/news/story_print.asp?id=123098900 "Pulse Detonation Engine Flies Into History"] , "Air Force Print News Today", May 16, 2008, accessed August 16, 2008]

In science fiction

* In the scifi novel Aelita (1923), two Russians travel to Mars in a pulse detonation rocket utilizing "a fine powder of unusual explosive force" (p. 19).
* In the drama television series "JAG", the Season Nine episode "The One That Got Away" (original air date October 17, 2003) features the Aurora — which, in the show is a super-secret hypersonic aircraft under development by the CIA, that uses a pulse-detonation engine.
*In the movie "Stealth" (2005), the advanced fighters use pulse-detonation engines with scramjet boosters.
* The PDE has been used as a story point in a number of modern novels such as Dan Brown's thriller, "Deception Point" (the second page of the book states that all technologies in the story are non-fictional and exist, albeit without referencing any sources), and Victor Koman's science fiction polemic, "Kings of the High Frontier".
* In X-COM, the Interceptor is equipped with a PDE, however even this huge propulsion force is inferior compared to the alien Gravity Wave Engines.

Notes

ee also

*Scramjet
*Nuclear pulse propulsion

External links

* [http://www.innssi.com Innovative Scientific Solutions Inc.]
* [http://www.aardvark.co.nz/pjet/pde.shtml Pulse Detonation Engines]
* [http://www.popsci.com/popsci/aviationspace/e46d5b4a1db84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html Popular Science]
* [http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT2942412&id=k4tFAAAAEBAJ&dq=bollay 1952 Pulse Detonation Jet Propulsion Patent by William Bollay]
* [http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5542247.html Apparatus powered using laser-supplied energy, US patent Issued on August 6, 1996 Boyd B. Bushman]
* [http://arc.uta.edu/videos/archive_files/Video1.wmv (Video) The high detonation temperature inside the tube of an experimental PDE causes the seals to heat up and catch fire.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBjLx2AvxrM (Video) An experimental PDE operating with a detonation frequency of 1 Hz where the pulses are clearly defined.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYxsilgRxi4 (Video) An experimental PDE operating with a detonation frequency of 25 Hz.]
* [http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=mSiER26ZHBg 2-D pulse-detonation engine simulation]
* [http://www.foxnews.com/video/index.html?playerId=videolandingpage&streamingFormat=FLASH&referralObject=1791927&referralPlaylistId=e059f7416cd3e6a978256d927c7bb152d9988581 Fox News report on the Blackswift]