William Cullen Bryant

William Cullen Bryant (November 3, 1794 - June 12, 1878) was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the "New York Evening Post".

Life

Youth and education

Bryant was born on November 3, 1794, [Nelson, Randy F. "The Almanac of American Letters". Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 48. ISBN 086576008X] in a log cabin near Cummington, Massachusetts; the home of his birth is today marked with a plaque. [Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. "The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States". New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 46. ISBN 0195031865] He was the second son of Peter Bryant, a doctor and later a state legislator, and Sarah Snell. His maternal ancestry traces back to passengers on the "Mayflower"; his father's, to colonists who arrived about a dozen years later.

Bryant and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. The William Cullen Bryant Homestead, his boyhood home, is now a museum. After just one year at Williams College, he studied law in Worthington and Bridgewater in Massachusetts, and he was admitted to the bar in 1815. He then began practicing law in nearby Plainfield, walking the seven miles from Cummington every day. On one of these walks, in December 1815, he noticed a single bird flying on the horizon; the sight moved him enough to write "To a Waterfowl". [Ehrlich, Eugene and Gorton Carruth. "The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States". New York: Oxford University Press, 1982: 56. ISBN 0195031865]

Bryant developed an interest in poetry early in life. Under his father's tutelage, he emulated Alexander Pope and other Neo-Classic British poets. "The Embargo", a savage attack on President Thomas Jefferson published in 1808, reflected Dr. Bryant's Federalist political views. The first edition quickly sold out—partly because of the publicity earned by the poet's young age—and a second, expanded edition, which included Bryant's translation of Classical verse, was printed. The youth wrote little poetry while preparing to enter Williams College as a sophomore, but upon leaving Williams after a single year and then beginning to read law, he regenerated his passion for poetry through encounter with the English pre-Romantics and, particularly, William Wordsworth.

Poetry

Although "Thanatopsis", his most famous poem, has been said to date from 1811, it is much more probable that Bryant began its composition in 1813, or even laterFact|date=January 2008. What is known about its publication is that his father took some pages of verse from his son's desk and submitted them, along with his own work, to the "North American Review" in 1817. The "Review" was edited by Edward Tyrrel Channing at the time and, upon receiving it, read the poem to his assistant, who immediately exclaimed, "That was never written on this side of the water!" [Brooks, Van Wyck. "The Flowering of New England". New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1952: 116.] Someone at the "North American" joined two of the son's discrete fragments, gave the result the Greek-derived title "Thanatopsis" (meditation on death), mistakenly attributed it to the father, and published it. For all the errors,Clarifyme|date=March 2008 it was well-received, and soon Bryant was publishing poems with some regularity, including "To a Waterfowl" in 1821.

On January 11, 1821, [Citation | title=Vital Records of Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to the Year 1850| publisher = NEHGS| date = 1904| place = Gt Barrington, MA( [http://books.google.com/books?id=Lulpl7fVOvMC&pg=PA31&vq=fairchild+bryant online.] ) His 1878 biographer, Parke Goodwin, confused the issue of the marriage date through a typographical error, as explained [http://genforum.genealogy.com/bryant/messages/9674.html here] .] Bryant, still striving to build a legal career, married Frances Fairchild. Soon after, having received an invitation to address the Harvard University Phi Beta Kappa Society at the school's August commencement, Bryant spent months working on "The Ages," a panorama in verse of the history of civilization, culminating in the establishment of the United States. That poem led a collection, entitled "Poems", which he arranged to publish on the same trip to Cambridge. For that book, he added sets of lines at the beginning and end of "Thanatopsis." His career as a poet was launched. Even so, it was not until 1832, when an expanded "Poems" was published in the U.S. and, with the assistance of Washington Irving, in Britain, that he won recognition as America's leading poet.

His poetry has been described as being "of a thoughtful, meditative character, and makes but slight appeal to the mass of readers."cite book|title=Famous American Statesmen & Orators|editor=Alexander K. McClure|publisher=F. F. Lovell Publishing Company|location=New York|date=1902|volume=VI|pages=62]

Editorial career

Writing poetry could not financially sustain a family. From 1816 to 1825, he practiced law in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and supplemented his income with such work as service as the town's hog reeve. Distaste for pettifoggery and the sometimes absurd judgments pronounced by the courts gradually drove him to break with the profession.

With the help of a distinguished and well-connected literary family, the Sedgwicks, he gained a foothold in New York City, where, in 1825, he was hired as editor, first of the "New-York Review," then of the "United States Review and Literary Gazette." But the magazines of that day usually enjoyed only an ephemeral life-span. After two years of fatiguing effort to breathe life into periodicals, he became Assistant Editor of the "New-York Evening Post", a newspaper founded by Alexander Hamilton that was surviving precariously. Within two years, he was Editor-in-Chief and a part owner. He remained the Editor-in-Chief for half a century (1828-78). [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia] Eventually, the "Evening-Post" became not only the foundation of his fortune but also the means by which he exercised considerable political power in his city, state, and nation.

Ironically, the boy who first tasted fame for his diatribe against Thomas Jefferson and his party became one of the key supporters in the Northeast of that same party under Jackson. Bryant's views, always progressive though not quite populist, in course led him to join the Free Soilers, and when the Free Soil Party became a core of the new Republican Party in 1856, Bryant vigorously campaigned for John Frémont. That exertion enhanced his standing in party councils, and in 1860, he was one of the prime Eastern exponents of Abraham Lincoln, whom he introduced at Cooper Union. (That speech lifted Lincoln to the nomination, and then the presidency.)

Later years

In his last decade, Bryant shifted from writing his own poetry to translating Homer. He assiduously worked on the "Iliad" and "The Odyssey" from 1871 to 1874. He is also remembered as one of the principal authorities on homeopathy and as a hymnist for the Unitarian Church—both legacies of his father's enormous influence on him.

Bryant died in 1878 of complications from an accidental fall suffered after participating in a Central Park ceremony honoring Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini.

Critical response

Poet and literary critic Thomas Holley Chivers said that the "only thing [Bryant] ever wrote that may be called "Poetry" is 'Thanatopsis', which he stole "line for line" from the Spanish. The fact is, that he never did anything but steal—as nothing he ever wrote is original." [Parks, Edd Winfield. "Ante-Bellum Southern Literary Critics". Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1962: 175.] Contemporary critic Edgar Allan Poe, on the other hand, praised Bryant and specifically the poem "June" in his essay "The Poetic Principle":

"The rhythmical flow, here, is even voluptuous—nothing could be more melodious. The intense melancholy which seems to well up, perforce, to the surface of all the poet's cheerful sayings about his grave, we find thrilling us to the soul—while there is the truest poetic elevation in the thrill... the impression left is one of a pleasurable sadness." [Sova, Dawn B. "Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z". New York: Checkmark Books, 2001: 37. ISBN 081604161X]

Legacy

In 1884, New York City's Reservoir Square, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Sixth Avenue, was renamed Bryant Park in his honor. The city later named a public high school in Long Island City, Queens in his honor.

Although he is now thought of as a New EnglanderFact|date=January 2008, Bryant, for most of his lifetime, was thoroughly a New Yorker—and a very dedicated one at that. He was a major force behind the idea that became Central Park, as well as a leading proponent of creating the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He had close affinities with the Hudson River School of art and was an intimate friend of Thomas Cole. He defended the immigrant and, at some financial risk to himself, championed the rights of workers to form labor unions.

As a writer, Bryant was an early advocate of American literary nationalism, and his own poetry focusing on nature as a metaphor for truth established a central pattern in the American literary tradition.

A recently-published bookcite book|title=Famous American Statesmen & Orators|editor=Frank Gado|publisher=Antoca|location=New York|date=1996|pages=198] , however, argues that a reassessment is long overdue. It finds great merit in a couple of short stories Bryant wrote while trying to build interest in periodicals he edited. More important, it perceives a poet of great technical sophistication who was a progenitor of Walt Whitman, to whom he was a mentor.

Further reading

* Muller, Gilbert H. [http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61623 "William Cullen Bryant: Author of America"] . New York: State University of New York Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0791474679
* Symington, Andrew James. "William Cullen Bryant: a biographical sketch : with selections from his poems and other writings". New York: Harper and Brothers, 1880. [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=F1kqAAAAMAAJ Google Books] .

References

* "William Cullen Bryant: An American Voice" by Frank Gado (ISBN 978-1584656197)
* "William Cullen Bryant" by Charles H. Brown (ISBN 978-0684123707)

Notes

External links

Works
*gutenberg author | id=William_Cullen_Bryant | name=William Cullen Bryant
* [http://www.angelfire.com/ks/landzastanza/wcb.html Selected Poems and Songs by William Cullen Bryant] 6 stanzaic poems, 7 sonnets, and 4 songs with MIDI sequences
*worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-50495

Other
* [http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/Bryant/brybio.html Essay on William Cullen Bryant by Wynn Yarborough]
* [http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=34&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and Friends: William Cullen Bryant]
* [http://www.thetrustees.org/pages/285_bryant_homestead.cfm William Cullen Bryant Homestead] in Cummington, Mass.