Inner House

The Inner House is the senior part of the Court of Session, the supreme civil court in Scotland; the Outer House forms the junior part of the Court of Session. It is a court of appeal and a court of first instance. The chief justice is the Lord President, with their deputy being the Lord Justice Clerk, and judges of the Inner House are styled "Senators of the College of Justice" or "Lords of Council and Session". [Information on composition: cite web|title=Court of Session - Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/|publisher=Scottish Courts Service |accessdate=2007-11-23] Criminal appeals in Scotland are handled by the High Court of Justiciary sitting as the Court of Appeal.

The Inner House is the part of the Court of Session which acts as a court of appeal for cases from the Outer House [Court of Session Act 1988: cite web|title=Part V Appeal and Review |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/ukpga_19880036_en_5#pt5|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information |accessdate=2007-11-23] and from appeals in civil cases from the Sheriff Courts, the Court of the Lord Lyon, Scottish Land Court, and the Lands Tribunal for Scotland. It will also sit as a court of first instance in rare instances. The Inner House is always a panel of at least three Senators and does not sit with a jury.

The division of the Court into two houses was first enacted by the Court of Session Act 1810 and most recently confirmed by the Court of Session Act 1988

First instance jurisdiction

The Inner House will sit as a court of first instance in respect of special cases. [First instance jurisdiction: cite web|title=Civil Courts and Tribunals |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2003/07/16971|publisher=Scottish Government |accessdate=2007-11-23] A special case is one where the facts are not disputed but where a significant legal difficulty has arisen.Fact|date=November 2007

Appellate jurisdiction

The Inner House is sub-divided into two divisions of equal authority and jurisdiction - the First Division, headed by the Lord President; and the Second Division headed by the Lord Justice Clerk. [Court of Session Act 1988: cite web|title=Part I Constitution and Administration of the Court |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/ukpga_19880036_en_2#pt1|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information |accessdate=2007-11-23] [Divisions: cite web|title=Court of Session - Judges |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/judges.asp|publisher=Scottish Courts Service |accessdate=2007-11-23] When neither is available to chair a hearing, an Extra Division of three Senators is summoned, chaired by the most senior judge present; due to pressure of business this Extra Division sits frequently nowadays. In practice, almost all hearings in the Inner House are before three judges, although in important cases in which there is a conflict of authority a Court of Five Judges or, exceptionally, seven, may be convened. [Information on composition: cite web|title=Court of Session - Introduction |url=http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/|publisher=Scottish Courts Service |accessdate=2007-11-23]

Unlike the High Court of Justiciary, which deals with Scottish criminal cases, and whose decisions cannot in general be appealed beyond Scotland, appeals can be taken from the Court of Session to the House of Lords. [Court of Session Act 1988: cite web|title=Part IV Other Causes Section 24 - Appeal to House of Lords|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/ukpga_19880036_en_4#pt4-pb2-l1g24|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information |accessdate=2007-11-23] The constitutional settlement introduced by the Scotland Act 1998 further provided that, in cases where a 'devolution issue' arose, an appeal would lie, and the Inner House can remit a case, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. [Scotland Act 1998: cite web|title=Schedule 6 Devolution Issues|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980046_en_16#sch6|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information |accessdate=2007-11-23] Both these types of appeal will go instead to the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom from 2009. [Constitutional Reform Act 2005: cite web|title=Part 3 - The Supreme Court, Section 40 Jurisdiction |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050004_en_3#pt3-pb5-l1g40|publisher=Office of Public Sector Information |accessdate=2007-11-23]

It was formerly argued that the Act of Union 1707 expressly forbade appeals from the Court of Session to the House of Lords. [Act of Union 1707: cite web|title=Article 19 (judiciaries to remain separate) |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707#Article_19_.28judiciaries_to_remain_separate.29|publisher=Wikisource |accessdate=2007-11-23] Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries this was a matter of great concern, as Scottish cases were typically decided by Law Lords with no background in Scots Law. In modern times, the few cases which are so appealed are heard by a judicial committee of five which includes at least two senior Scottish judges, but it is still controversial whether such a right of appeal to an essentially foreign court should exist. This debate also spilled into the debate as to whether the judicial functions of the House of Lords and Privy Council should be consolidated in a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. [Consultation on the Supreme Court: cite web|title=Response from the Scottish National Party |url=http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/supremecourt/responses/sc142.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Justice |accessdate=2007-11-23] The ability to appeal to the House of Lords was confirmed by the Court of Session Act 1988.

References

ee also

* Court of Appeal of England and Wales

External links

* [http://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/session/ Official site]