Kawanabe Kyōsai

Kawanabe Kyōsai [He changed the first character of his name from 狂 (wild, crazy) to 暁 (dawn, enlightenment), after one of his several releases from prison. 暁 has two On-readings, "kyō" and "gyō", the latter being more well-known (many dictionaries provide only this reading), so the artist's name is also falsely romanised as Kawanabe Gyōsai.] (河鍋暁斎 1831-1889) was a Japanese artist, in the words of a critic, "an individualist and an independent, perhaps the last virtuoso in traditional Japanese painting". [Clark, p.16]

Living through the Edo period to the Meiji period, Kyōsai witnessed Japan transform itself from a feudal country into a modern state. Born at Koga, he was the son of a samurai. After working for a short time as a boy with Utagawa Kuniyoshi, he received his artistic training in the Kanō school, but soon abandoned the formal traditions for the greater freedom of the popular school. During the political ferment which produced and followed the revolution of 1867, Kyōsai attained a reputation as a caricaturist. He was arrested three times and imprisoned by the authorities of the shogunate. Soon after the assumption of effective power by the Emperor, a great congress of painters and men of letters was held at which Kyōsai was present. He again expressed his opinion of the new movement in a caricature, which had a great popular success, but also brought him into the hands of the police this time of the opposite party.

Kyōsai must be considered the greatest successor of Hokusai (of whom, however, he was not a pupil), and as the first political caricaturist of Japan. His work like his life is somewhat wild and undisciplined, and occasionally smacks of the sake cup. But if he did not possess Hokusai's dignity, power and reticence, he substituted an exuberant fancy, which always lends interest to draughtsmanship of very great technical excellence.

In addition to his caricatures, Kyōsai painted a large number of pictures and sketches, often choosing subjects from the folklore of his country. A fine collection of these works is preserved in the British Museum; and there are also good examples in the National Art Library at South Kensington and the Guimet Museum at Paris. The [http://www2.ocn.ne.jp/~kkkb/Kyousaie.html Kawanabe Kyōsai Memorial Museum] was established in 1977, located at Warabi, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.

Bibliography

The most important work about Kyōsai's art and life was written by himself: "Kyōsai Gadan" (暁斎画談), or "Kyōsai's Treatise on Painting", half autobiography and half painting manual. An important contemporary work concerning the artist is "Kawanabe Kyōsai-ō den" (河鍋暁斎翁伝), or "Biography of the Old Man Kawanabe Kyōsai", by Iijima Kyoshin (飯島虚心). The work was finished in 1899, but published only in 1984.

Many westerners came to visit Kyōsai, and their memoirs about the artist are valuable. The two important ones, both rare, are:
*Émile Étienne Guimet, "Promenades japonaises", Paris, 1880
* Josiah Conder, "Paintings and Studies by Kawanabe Kyōsai", Tokyo, 1911. Conder was a serious student of Japanese art; after some initial rejections, he was accepted as Kyōsai's pupil, and accompanied him until the master's death.

The most updated, and easily available, reference to Kyōsai's life and works in English is:
*Timothy Clark, "Demon of painting: the art of Kawanabe Kyōsai", London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by the British Museum Press, 1993

Notes

*1911