Kate Kelly (Australian outlaw)

Kate Kelly (aka Catherine Ada Kelly) (12 July 1863 - October 1898) was the sister of Australian bushranger Ned Kelly.

Kate Kelly was born in Beveridge, Victoria, Australia, on 12 July 1863 to parents John and Ellen Kelly (nee Quinn), their seventh child. The family moved to Avenel soon after her birth, where another child, Grace, was born. John Kelly died of dropsy when Kate was 4 years old. Ellen Kelly then moved the family to her sister's house at Greta. One year later, the family moved once again, to a two-room hut on their own land at nearby Eleven Mile Creek.

Kate helped her mother bring up the family, which included three more children by Ellen's second husband George King.

The Fitzpatrick incident

The Kellys had already had a long history of trouble with the police when the Fitzpatrick incident occurred.

Kate attracted the attention of Alexander Fitzpatrick, a young police constable with a history of womanising. On 15 April 1878 Fitzpatrick, whilst drunk, paid a visit to the Kelly household, claiming he had a warrant for the arrest of Dan Kelly for horse stealing. He made some kind of pass at Kate, resulting in her family coming to her assistance. Exactly what this assistance constituted is unknown, and a point of debate amongst historians.

Fitzpatrick returned to Benalla Police Station claiming that Ellen Kelly had struck him with a fire shovel, Dan Kelly had beaten him, and Ned Kelly had attempted to shoot him. William Williamson and William Skillion, neighbours of the Kellys, were also accused of violence. Ellen Kelly received a long sentence for her alleged crime, based purely on Fitzpatrick's claims. Ned and Dan Kelly fled into the Wombat Ranges to avoid their convictions. On the 25 October 1878, at Stringybark Creek, they encountered four police officers who had been sent to arrest them. Three of the officers were killed. Ned, Dan, Joe Byrne and Steve Hart now turned to bank robbery.

With their mother in prison and their brothers on the run, Kate Kelly and her sister Margaret looked after the younger children. Kate also acted as a decoy on horseback, leading the police astray when they tried to locate her brothers. She supplied the Kelly Gang with food, ammunition, and information. The folk song "Ye Sons of Australia" includes a passage about Kate's role in the Kelly Gang [http://scs.une.edu.au/Bushrangers/songs.htm] ;

::"The daring Kate Kelly how noble her mien"::"As she sat on her horse like an Amazon queen,"::"She rode through the forest revolver at hand"'::"Regardless of danger, who dare bid her stand."

Kate Kelly is mentioned again later in the song, taking a role in the siege at Glenrowan;::"The daring Kate Kelly came forth from the crowd"::"And on her poor brother she called out aloud,"::"Come forth my dear brother, and fight while you can"::"But a ball had just taken the life of poor Dan"

Ned Kelly's capture

Following Ned's arrest, Kate would often attempt to visit him in prison, as well as raising money for legal fees. She joined the Society for the Abolition of Capital Punishment, which campaigned for Ned's death sentence to be changed. Despite Kate pleading on her knees in front of the Governor, His Excellency the Marquis of Normanby, Ned was hanged on 11 November 1880.

Life after Ned

Following Ned's hanging, Kate disappeared from Victoria. She was spotted performing as "Ada" in a Sydney 'Wild West Show', and then in Adelaide under the names Ada Hennessey and Kate Ambrose. She eventually ceased performing due to ill health. She worked briefly as a barmaid at "Hill Scott's Hotel" in southern Adelaide, before her waning health convinced her to return home. She worked as a domestic servant in Wangaratta, and a housemaid in Laceby, followed by a series of domestic service jobs around the area.

On 25 November 1888 she married William Henry Foster, a respected blacksmith, and settled down in the town of Forbes. The couple had six children, though three died in infancy.

On 6 October 1898 Kate was reported missing. Her drowned body was found eight days later in a lagoon on Condobolin Road near Forbes. It is unknown what led to her death, however some historians have speculated that she may have taken her own life due to depression, brought on by the death of her sister, Maggie, two years earlier. She was buried in Forbes Cemetery, aged 36.

Descendents

Following her death, her three surviving children, Frederick Arthur, Gertrude Eileen Ada, and Ethel Maude, were taken to live with Ellen Kelly at Eleven Mile Creek. Frederick Arthur became a beekeeper in the town on Myrrhee and died in World War I. Gertrude married Arthur Cavanagh, a building contractor. They settled in Wangaratta and looked after Ellen Kelly in her dotage. Ethel married Albert Hibbert, and also looked after Ellen Kelly.

Kate Kelly in popular culture

*In the 2003 film "Ned Kelly", Kate is played by Irish actor Kerry Condon.
*The Whitlams' song "Kate Kelly" is about Kate Kelly [http://lyrics.duble.com/lyrics/W/the-whitlams-lyrics/the-whitlams-kate-kelly-lyrics.htm] .

Kate Kelly revolver

In October 2006, Sydney-based auctioneer Tom Thompson exhibited a revolver that he claimed had belonged to Kate Kelly. It was further stated that it was the very revolver with which Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick had entered the Kelly house on the night of 15 April 1878, and which was wrestled off him by Kate's brother, Ned. In the ensuing struggle, Fitzpatrick was shot through the wrist. The revolver was purported to have been found preserved in lard and wrapped in leather, concealed in a wall cavity of a house in Forbes, in central NSW, where Kate Kelly had lived between 1888-98. ["Gun stolen by Kellys up for auction", The Age, 12 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/NATIONAL/Gun-stolen-by-Kellys-up-for-auction/2007/11/12/1194766558880.html] ]

The revolver was described as a .32 Henckell & Co., carrying the markings of the Royal Constabulary in the form of R*C marked on the right hand side of the frame. It was exhibited at the State Library of NSW prior to a proposed auction to be held on the 5 November 2006, where it was estimated to fetch $400-450,000AU. However, it was unexpectedly withdrawn from sale just prior to the auction. Mr Thompson explained that he wanted to have the gun authenticated by having it scanned under ultraviolet and infra-red light. ["Kelly gang gun goes for $70,000, but it is the real thing?", The Age, 13 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/kelly-gang-gun-goes-for-70000-but-is-it-the-real-thing/2007/11/13/1194766681230.html] ]

It reappeared for sale by Thompson through Melbourne auction house Mossgreen Auctions in November 2007. In the days leading up to the auction, the item received considerable press coverage, with Mossgreen director Paul Sumner describing the revolver's discovery as 'a rare and exciting find'. "In America, it would be equivalent to finding Jesse James' gun," he said. ["Kelly gang gun to go under the hammer", ABC News Online, 9 November 2007. Retrieved 18/11/07 [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/09/2086212.htm] ] The revolver was auctioned on Tuesday, 13 November 2007, where it sold to an absentee bidder for $72,870AU. ["Kelly gang gun goes for $70,000, but it is the real thing?", The Age, 13 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/kelly-gang-gun-goes-for-70000-but-is-it-the-real-thing/2007/11/13/1194766681230.html] ]

The following day, controversy began to surround the sale when several antique firearm experts claimed to have informed Mossgreen director Paul Sumner prior to the Tuesday night auction that the revolver was incorrectly described, and dated too late to have been associated with Constable Fitzpatrick or the Kelly Gang during the years 1878-80. One expert explained that Henckell & Co., Solingen, was most likely the name of the German retailer who had sold the firearm, and not the actual manufacturer. The alleged Royal Constabulary markings of R*C had also been misread, it was claimed. The full marking depicted a crown over R*C all stamped in a vertical line. A crown over R was a common Belgian proof mark, R standing for rayé - the french term to indicate the barrel was rifled. ["Auction house to probe Kelly gun", The Age, 15 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/auction-house-to-probe-kelly-gun/2007/11/15/1194766868993.html] ]

It was further suggested that the revolver was in fact a Belgian imitation of the highly popular British Webley 'Bulldog' revolver, of which numerous imitations were made in Belgium and America in the years following the model's introduction in 1879. They were initially produced in .450, .442 and .380 calibres, however in July 1884 the smallest calibre version appeared listed in the Army and Navy Stores catalogue produced in .32 calibre. The photograph of the gun in the auction catalogue clearly shows the numerals "32" inscribed on the gun's left hand side just in front of the chamber.It was argued that,as a Belgian copy of the Webley, the earliest date of manufacture for the purported Kate Kelly gun would be late 1884 onwards: four years after Ned Kelly's execution, and six years after the Fitzpatrick Incident. This claim did not however refute the possibility that the revolver had belonged to Kate Kelly in later life.

Three days after the auction, on Friday, 16 November 2007, Age journalist Carolyn Webb noted that 'since the auction, neither the auctioneer, Paul Sumner, nor the vendor's agent, Tom Thompson, has been able to provide documentary proof of the discovery.' ["Auction house to probe Kelly gun", The Age, 15 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/auction-house-to-probe-kelly-gun/2007/11/15/1194766868993.html] ] Mossgreen reacted by announcing they would launch an inquiry into the provenance of the revolver. Sumner stated that Mossgreen "will do its due diligence to protect the buyer, and we would immediately cancel a sale and refund purchase price if the sworn provenance was proven incorrect". ["Auction house to probe Kelly gun", The Age, 15 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/auction-house-to-probe-kelly-gun/2007/11/15/1194766868993.html] ]

Thompson suggested that the Age article raising questions about the item's provenance was "aimed at tainting the sale of the item for the sake of making a good yarn". ["Kelly gang gun is a fake, say firearms experts", The Age, 14 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/kelly-gang-gun-is-a-fake-say-firearms-experts/2007/11/14/1194766771590.html] ] However by Friday, 16 November 2007, it had been established that a source Thompson had cited as "a researcher for Victorian Police" to support his claims of the gun's provenance was an amateur historian from Yass, NSW, who had never been a researcher for the Victorian police. ["Auction house to probe Kelly gun", The Age, 15 November 2007. Retrieved 16/11/07 [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/auction-house-to-probe-kelly-gun/2007/11/15/1194766868993.html] ]

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