Mjöllnir

In Norse mythology, Mjöllnir (usually pronEng|ˈmjɔlˌnɪɹ or IPA|/ˈmjɔlnɚ/ in English) is the hammer of Thor, a major god associated with thunder in Norse mythology. Distinctively shaped, Mjöllnir is depicted in Norse mythology as one of the most fearsome weapons, used to slay any challengers. Though generally recognized and depicted as a hammer, Mjöllnir is sometimes referred to as an axe or club.Orchard (2002:255).] In the 13th century Prose Edda, Snorri Sturluson relates that the Svartálfar Sindri and Brokkr made Mjöllnir at the command of Loki.

The "Prose Edda" gives a summary of Mjöllnir's special qualities in that, with Mjöllnir, Thor:

... would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic.

Etymology

"Mjöllnir" simply means "crusher," referring to its pulverizing effect. It is related to words such as the Icelandic verbs "mölva" ("to crush") and "mala" ("to grind"), and Swedish noun "mjöl" ("flour"), all related to English "meal", "mill" and "miller". Similar words, all stemming from the Proto-Indo-European root "melə", can be found in almost all European languages, e.g. the Slavic "melvo" ("grain to be ground") and "molotu" ("hammer"), the Russian Молот ("molot" - "hammer"), the Greek μύλος ("mylos" - "mill") and the Latin "malleus" ("hammer") as well as the Latin "mola" ("mill").It has been suggested that although the name reflects Mjöllnir's awesome powers it might also allude to Thor's agricultural nature, as he was primarily worshipped by farmers.

An alternative theory suggests that Mjöllnir might be related to the Russian word молния ("molniya") and the Welsh word "mellt" (both words being translated as "lightning"). This second theory parallels with the idea that Thor, being a god of thunder, therefore might have used lightning as his weapon. [Turville-Petre, E.O.G. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964. p81 ]

Attestations

"Prose Edda"

The most popular version of the creation of Mjöllnir myth, found in "Skáldskaparmál" from Snorri's Edda, [ Snorri's Edda, "Skaldskaparmal". 41.] is as follows. In one story Loki sends up to the dwarves called the Sons of Ivaldi that create precious items for the gods: Odin's spear Gungnir, and Freyr's foldable boat Skíðblaðnir. Then Loki bets his head that Sindri (or Eitri) and his brother Brokkr would never succeed in making items more beautiful than those of Ivaldi's sons. The bet is accepted and the two brothers begin working. Thus Eitri puts a pig's skin in the forge and tells his brother (Brokkr) never to stop blowing until he comes and takes out what he put in.

A fly, actually Loki in disguise, comes and bites Brokkr on the arm but he continues to blow. Then Eitri takes out Gullinbursti which is Freyr's boar with shining bristles. Then Eitri puts some gold in the furnace and gives Brokkr the same order. Loki in the fly guise comes again and bites Brokkr's neck twice as hard. But as before nothing happens and Eitri takes out Draupnir, Odin's ring, having duplicates falling from itself every ninth night.

Eitri then puts iron in the forge and tells Brokkr to never stop blowing. Loki comes again and bites Brokkr on the eyelid much harder than before and the blood makes him stop blowing for a short while. When Eitri comes and takes out Mjöllnir, the handle is a bit short (making it one handed). Yet Eitri and Brokkr win the bet which was Loki's head, but the bet cannot be honoured since they need to cut the neck as well, which was not part of the deal. So Brokkr sews Loki's mouth to teach him a lesson.

"Poetic Edda"

Thor possessed a formidable chariot, which is drawn by two goats, Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr. A belt, Megingjörð, and iron gloves, Járngreipr, were used to lift Mjöllnir. Mjöllnir is the focal point of some of Thor's adventures.

This is clearly illustrated in a poem found in the Poetic Edda titled "Þrymskviða". The myth relates that the giant, Þrymr, steals Mjöllnir from Thor and then demands the goddess Freyja in exchange. Loki, the god notorious for his duplicity, conspires with the other Æsir to recover Mjöllnir by disguising Thor as Freyja and presenting him as the "goddess" to Þrymr.

At a banquet Þrymr holds in honor of the impending union, Þrymr takes the bait. Unable to contain his passion for his new maiden with long, blond locks (and broad shoulders), as Þrymr approaches the bride by placing Mjöllnir on "her" lap, Thor rips off his disguise and destroys Þrymr and his giant cohorts.

Archaeological record

Emblemic pendants

Myths, artifacts, and institutions revolving around Thor indicate his prominent place in the mind of medieval Scandinavians. His following ranged in influence, but the Viking warrior aristocracy were particularly inspired by Thor's ferocity in battle. In the medieval legal arena, according to Joseph Campbell, "(a)t the Icelandic Things (court assemblies) the god invoked in the testimony of oaths, as 'the Almighty God,' was Thor."

Emblematic of their devotion were the appearance of miniature replicas of Mjöllnir, widely popular in Scandinavia.

Many of these replicas were also found in graves and tended to be furnished with a loop, allowing them to be worn. Mjöllnir amulets were most widely discovered in areas with a strong Christian influence including southern Norway, south-eastern Sweden, and Denmark. [ Turville-Petre, E.O.G. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964. p83 ] Due to the similarity of equal-armed, square crosses featuring figures of Christ on them at around the same time, the wearing of Thor's hammers as pendants may have come into fashion in defiance of the square amulets worn by newly converted Christians in the regions.Ellis Davidson, H.R. "Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe", page 81, (1965) ISBN 0140136274]

The shape taken by these pendants varied by region. The Icelandic variant was cross-shaped, while Swedish and Norwegian variants tended to be arrow or T-shaped.About 50 specimens of such hammers were found widely dispersed throughout Scandinavia, dating from the 9th to 11th centuries.A few such examples were also found in England. An iron Thor's hammer pendant excavated in Yorkshire, dating to ca. AD 1000 bears an unical inscription preceded and followed by a cross, interpreted as indicating a Christian owner syncretizing pagan and Christian symbolism. [Schoyen Collection, MS 1708 [http://www.schoyencollection.com/religions.htm] [http://www.schoyencollection.com/religions_files/ms1708.jpg] ] A 10th century soapstone mold found at Trendgården, Jutland, Denmark is notable for allowing the casting of both crucifix and Thor's hammer pendants. [interpreted as the property of a craftsman "hedging his bets" by catering to both a Christian and a pagan clientele [http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/hvitkrst.shtml] [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/mold801.jpg] ] A silver specimen found near Fossi, Iceland (now in the National Museum of Iceland) can be interpreted as either a Christian cross or a Thor's hammer. Unusually, the elongated limb of the cross ends in a beast's (perhaps a wolf's) head.

tones

Stones found in Denmark and southern Sweden bear an inscription of a hammer. Sometimes accompanying the carved hammer was an inscription calling for Thor to safeguard the stone. For example, the stone of Virring in Denmark had the inscription, "þur uiki þisi kuml" which translates into English as "May Thor Hallow this memorial." There are several examples of a similar inscription, each one asking for Thor to "Hallow" or protect the specific artifact. Such inscriptions may have been in response to the Christians, who would ask for God's protection over their dead. [ Turville-Petre, E.O.G. Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964. p82-83 ]

Associated symbols

According to some scholars, the swastika shape may have been a variant popular in Anglo-Saxon England prior to Christianization, especially in East Anglia and Kent. [Henry Mayr-Harting, "The Coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England" (1991), p. 3: "Many cremation pots of the early Anglo-Saxons have the swastika sign marked on them, and in some the swastikas seems to be confronted with serpents or dragons in a decorative design. This is a clear reference to the greatest of all Thor's struggles, that with the World Serpent which lay coiled round the earth." Christopher R. Fee, David Adams Leeming, "Gods, Heroes, and Kings: The Battle for Mythic Britain" (2001), p. 31: "The image of Thor's weapon spinning end-over-end through the heavens is captured in art as a swastika symbol (common in Indo-European art, and indeed beyond); this symbol is—as one might expect—widespread in Scandinavia, but it also is common on Anglo-Saxon grave goods of the pagan period, notably in East Anglia and Kent."] Wilson (1894) points out that while the swastika had been "vulgarly called in Scandinavia the hammer of Thor", the symbol properly so called had a Y or T shape. [Thomas Wilson (1894) [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/swastika/005.php] , citing Waring, "Ceramic Art in Remote Ages,", p. 12.]

A precedent of these Viking Age Thor's hammer amulets are recorded for the migration period Alemanni, who took to wearing Roman "Hercules' Clubs" as symbols of Donar. [Werner: Herkuleskeule und Donar-Amulett. in: Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz Nr. 11, Mainz 1966] A possible remnant of these Donar amulets Alpine paganism was recorded in 1897, as a custom of Unterinn (South Tyrolian Alps) of incising a T-shape above front doors for protection against evils of all kinds, especially storms. [Joh. Adolf Heyl, Volkssagen, Bräuche und Meinungen aus Tirol (Brixen: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Kath.-polit. Pressvereins, 1897), p. 804.]

Modern usage

Many practitioners of Germanic Neopagan faiths wear Mjöllnir pendants as a symbol of that faith worldwide. Renditions of Mjöllnir are designed, crafted and sold by some Germanic Neopagan groups and individuals.Examples include [https://wodanesdag.com/pp-hamr.html "Wodanesdag"] in Canada and [http://www.thorrshammersite.com/ "Hammers By Weylandsdöttir"] in the United States.] Some controversy has occurred concerning the potential recognition of the symbol as a religious symbol by the United States government.Hudson Jr., David L. [http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=18629 "Va. inmate can challenge denial of Thor's Hammer"] June 6, 2007 at the [http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org firstamendmentcenter.org] website.]

Outside of Germanic Neopaganism, depictions of Mjöllnir are used in Scandinavian logos and iconography, such as the Mjöllnir logo of the Bornholm Museum in Denmark and the coat of arms for Torsås Municipality, Sweden. Mjöllnir pendants are popular in general in Scandinavia and can be seen elsewhere in heavy metal (especially Black metal, Viking metal, Death metal, Power metal) and "Dark" subcultures, and, to a lesser extent, among Rockers and biker subcultures.

In the Marvel Comics series The Mighty Thor, loosely based on Norse mythology, Mjöllnir gives Thor the possibility of flying in the air as long as he holds it - which is not attested in the original myth.

In the Microsoft video game, Halo: Combat Evolved and its sequels, Mjolnir is used as the name for the Master Chief's armor, apparently in reference to Thor's hammer.

ee also

* Battle Axe culture
* Bracteate
* Donar's oak
* Hercules' Club (amulet)
* Irminsul
* Labrys
* Vajra

Footnotes

References

*Orchard, Andy (2002). "Norse Myth and Legend". London: Cassell.
*Turville-Petre, E.O.G. "Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia." London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964.

External links

* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/hammerpix.html A gallery of images of Mjöllnir pendants.]