String Quartet (Webern)

The "String Quartet, Opus 28" by Anton Webern is written for the standard string quartet group of two violins, viola and cello. It was the last piece of chamber music that Webern wrote (his other late works include two cantatas Op. 29/31 and the "Variations for Orchestra, Op. 30").

The work was initially planned in November 1936 [Johnson, Julian (1999). Google books|F8jM_fWN2k0C|Webern and the Transformation of Nature. pp. 197-199. ISBN 0521661498.] and was premiered at the Coolidge Festival in Pittsfield, Massachusetts on September 22, 1938 in response to a commission that year from Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge. It is in three movements:

#"Mässig" (Moderately) – a movement in variation form.
#"Gemächlich" (Leisurely) – in ternary form (ABA), the outer parts being a four part canon with all the notes the same length (fluctuations in tempo aside).
#"Sehr fliessend" (Very flowing) – a freer movement with numerous changes in texture and mood. In a letter to Erwin Stein, Webern described the middle part of this movement as a fugue.

The "String Quartet" is atonal, and like all of Webern's mature works, is composed using the twelve-tone technique. The tone row on which the piece (Bmusic|flat, A, C, B, Dmusic|sharp, E, Cmusic|sharp, D, Gmusic|flat, F, Amusic|flat, G) is based is intricately constructed and based on the BACH motif (B flat, A, C, B natural):

The first four notes of the row (marked "O" for "original") are the BACH motif itself, the next four make up a retrograde (it can also be perceived as an inversion), and the last four is the BACH motif again transposed up a minor sixth. Additionally, the last six notes of the row are a retrograde inversion of the first six.

When Webern sent the score of the piece to Coolidge, he accompanied it with a letter saying that the piece was "purely lyrical" and comparing it to the two and three movement piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven.

The piece was first published in 1939 by Boosey & Hawkes, and was the last of Webern's works to be published in his lifetime. In 1955 another edition appeared from Universal Edition.

References

External links

* [http://www.allclassical.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&token=&sql=42:53866 allclassical.com on the quartet]
* [http://members.tripod.com/~thechamberplayers/January_Program_Notes.htm Program notes on the quartet (and other works) by Wayne Shirley]