Social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship is the work of a social entrepreneur. A social entrepreneur is someone who recognizes a social problem and uses entrepreneurial principles to organize, create, and manage a venture to make social change. Whereas a business entrepreneur typically measures performance in profit and return, a social entrepreneur assesses success in terms of the impact s/he has on society. While social entrepreneurs often work through nonprofits and citizen groups, many work in the private and governmental sectors.

History

The terms "social entrepreneur" and "social entrepreneurship" were first used in the literature on social change in the 1960 and 1970s [ For example, the phrase was used as a description of Robert Owen in J Banks, "The Sociology of Social Movements", London, MacMillan, 1972] . It came into widespread use in the 1980s and 1990s, promoted by Bill Drayton the founder of , cite web | publisher=US News & World Report | title=The Social Entrepreneur Bill Drayton| date = 2005-10-31 | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/051031/31drayton.htm | accessdate=2006-11-03] , and others such as Charles Leadbeater [ 'The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, Demos, London, 1996 ] . From the 1950s to the 1990s Michael Young was a leading promoter of social enterprise and in the 1980s was described by Professor Daniel Bell at Harvard as 'the world's most successful entrepreneur of social enterprises' because of his role in creating over 60 new organizations worldwide, including a series of Schools for Social Entrepreneurs in the UK.

Although the terms are relatively new, social entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship can be found throughout history. A list of a few historically noteworthy people whose work exemplifies classic "social entrepreneurship" might include Florence Nightingale (founder of the first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices), Robert Owen (founder of the cooperative movement) and Vinoba Bhave (founder of India's Land Gift Movement). During the 19th and 20th centuries some of the most successful social entrepreneurs successfully straddled the civic, governmental and business worlds - promoting ideas that were taken up by mainstream public services in welfare, schools and healthcare.

Current practice

One well known contemporary social entrepreneur is Muhammad Yunus, founder and manager of Grameen Bank and its growing family of social venture businesses, who was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.cite web | publisher=Nobel Foundation | title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 | date = 2006 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2006/ | accessdate=2006-11-02] The work of Yunus and Grameen echoes a theme among modern day social entrepreneurs that emphasizes the enormous synergies and benefits when business principles are unified with social ventures. cite web | publisher=Changemakers | title=Business-Social Ventures Reaching for Major Impact| date = 11-2003 | url=http://www.changemakers.net/journal/03november/index.cfm| accessdate=2006-11-03] In some countries - including Bangladesh and to a lesser extent the USA - social entrepreneurs have filled the spaces left by a relatively small state. In other countries - particularly in Europe and South America - they have tended to work more closely with public organizations at both the national and local level.

In the UK in 2002 seven leading not for profit organisations established UnLtd - The Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs. It holds a £100 million endowment especially to invest in social entrepreneurs in the UK. UnLtd provides individuals with cash awards and practical support that includes coaching, training and networking opportunities to help develop community projects. UnLtd Ventures is the in-house consultancy division of UnLtd and focuses on a number of outstanding social entrepreneurs, providing them with business support and helping them to scale up or replicate their organisations or get investment ready. Another of their operations, UnLtd Research, is fast becoming the world's primary source of evidence and thinking around Social Entrepreneurship. Its central purpose is to lead the global business, public policy and academic debates about the role of Social Entrepreneurship in community regeneration, employment and growth strategies.

The George Foundation's Women's Empowerment program empowers women by providing education, cooperative farming, vocational training, savings plan, and business development. In 2006 the cooperative farming program, Baldev Farms, was the second largest banana grower in South India with 250 acres under cultivation.Marianne Bray, [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/09/06/india.eye.rural/index.html For Rural Women, Land Means Hope] , CNN.com, 2005-10-03. Retrieved on 2007-02-15. ] Profits from the farm are used for improving the economic status of the workers and for running the other charitable activities of the foundation.

Some have created for profit organizations. A recent example is Vikram Akula founder CEO of SKS Microfinance, the McKinsey alumnus who started a microlending venture in villages of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Though this venture is for profit, it has initiated a sharp social change amongst poor women from villages.

There are continuing arguments over precisely who counts as a social entrepreneur. Some have advocated restricting the term to founders of organizations that primarily rely on earned income – meaning income earned directly from paying consumers. Others have extended this to include contracted work for public authorities, while others still include grants and donations. This argument is unlikely to be resolved soon. Peter Drucker, for example, once wrote that there was nothing as entrepreneurial as creating a new university: yet in most developed countries the majority of university funding comes from the state.

Today, nonprofits and non-governmental organizations, foundations, governments and individuals promote, fund, and advise social entrepreneurs around the planet. A growing number of colleges and universities are establishing programs focused on educating and training social entrepreneurs.

Organizations such as , the Skoll Foundation, the Omidyar Network, the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, the Canadian Social Entrepreneurship Foundation, New Profit Inc. and Echoing Green among others, focus on highlighting these hidden change-makers who are scattered across the globe. Ashoka's Changemakers "open sourcing social solutions" initiative "Changemakers" uses an online platform for what it calls collaborative competitions to build communities of practice around pressing issues. The North American organizations tend to have a strongly individualistic stance focused on a handful of exceptional leaders, while others in Asia and Europe emphasize more how social entrepreneurs work within teams, networks and movements for change.

Youth social entrepreneurship is an increasingly common approach to engaging youth voice in solving social problems. Youth organizations and programs promote these efforts through a variety of incentives to young people. [Sheila Kinkade, Christina Macy, "Our Time Is Now: Young People Changing the World", ISBN 0977231909]

Fast Company Magazine annually publishes a list of the 25 best social entrepreneurs, which the magazine defines as organizations "using the disciplines of the corporate world to tackle daunting social problems."cite web | url=http://www.fastcompany.com/social/ | title=25 Entrepreneurs who are changing the world | accessdate=2006-10-15]

The International Business Leaders Forum, an NGO that promotes responsible business practices, has shown how multinational companies can support social entrepreneurship - either through in their businesses, engaging in public policy debate or creating better internal climates within their organisations.Fact|date=February 2008

References

ee also

* Collaboration
* Collaborative method
* List of social entrepreneurs
* Social business
* Social enterprise
* Social innovation
* Social Venture Capital
* Impact maximization
* Geotourism

Further reading

* David Bornstein, "How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas", Oxford University Press (and others) ISBN 0-19-513805-8
* Charles Leadbeater, "The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur," Demos, 1996
* Joanna Mair, Jeffrey Robinson, and Kai Hockerts, "Social Entrepreneurship", Palgrave, 2006. ISBN 1403996644
* Peredo, A. M., & McLean, M. 2006. Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the Concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1): 56-65.
* John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan, "The Power of Unreasonable People: How Entrepreneurs Creates Markets to Change the World", Harvard Business Press, 2008

Publications/Media

* [http://ashoka.org/views/video?filter0=163"Social Entrepreneurship Series: A film series profiling the global greats of social entrepreneurship"] , Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
* [http://www.skollfoundation.org/videos/index.asp "Uncommon Heroes: Short film series profiling social entrepreneurs"] , Skoll Foundation
* [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/loi/itgg "Innovations: Technology|Governance|Globalization"] , MIT Press
* PBS Frontline/WORLD online series on social entrepreneurs [http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/socialentrepreneurs.html]
* Social Enterprise Reporter [http://www.sereporter.com] - Innovative Business Solutions for Social Entrepreneurs
* [http://www.mypacis.eu/ "Social Network for social change"] - By Social Network for Social Entrepreneurs

Articles

* [http://www.skollfoundation.org/media/skoll_docs/2007SP_feature_martinosberg.pdf "Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition"] , Sally Osberg and Roger Martin
* [http://www.ashoka.org/files/InnovationsBookletSmall.pdf "Everyone a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship's Ultimate Goal"] , Bill Drayton
* [http://www.business4good.org/2007/04/importance-of-social-entrepreneurship.html " The Importance of Social Entrepreneurship for Development"] , Jürgen Nagler
* [http://www.sereporter.com/article.php?a=416 "Enterprising Social Innovation: the most intriguing form of social entrepreneurship"] , Greg Dees and Beth Anderson
* [http://lornali.com/web-20/we-wont-be-doing-much-business-on-a-dead-planet "We Won't Be Doing Much Business On A Dead Planet"] , Christophe Poizat

External links

* [http://www.socialinvestments.com Socialinvestments.com]
* [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_entrepreneurship Social Entrepreneurship Portal] (on Wikiversity)