Growth differentiation factor-9

Growth differentiation factor-9

Growth differentiation factor 9, also known as GDF9, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GDF9 growth differentiation factor 9| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2661| accessdate = ]

PBB_Summary
section_title =
summary_text = Growth factors synthesized by ovarian somatic cells directly affect oocyte growth and function. Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9) is expressed in oocytes and is thought to be required for ovarian folliculogenesis. GDF9 is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: GDF9 growth differentiation factor 9| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2661| accessdate = ]

GDF9 plays an important role in the development of primary follicles in the ovary. [cite journal |author=Juengel J, Bodensteiner K, Heath D, Hudson N, Moeller C, Smith P, Galloway S, Davis G, Sawyer H, McNatty K |title=Physiology of GDF9 and BMP15 signalling molecules |journal=Anim Reprod Sci |volume=82-83 |issue= |pages=447–60 |year= |pmid=15271472 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.021] It has a critical role in granulosa cell and theca cell growth, as well as in differentiation and maturation of the oocyte. [cite journal |author=Hreinsson J, Scott J, Rasmussen C, Swahn M, Hsueh A, Hovatta O |title=Growth differentiation factor-9 promotes the growth, development, and survival of human ovarian follicles in organ culture |journal=J Clin Endocrinol Metab |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=316–21 |year=2002 |pmid=11788667 |doi=10.1210/jc.87.1.316 [http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/1/316 link] ] [cite journal |author=Su Y, Wu X, O'Brien M, Pendola F, Denegre J, Matzuk M, Eppig J |title=Synergistic roles of BMP15 and GDF9 in the development and function of the oocyte-cumulus cell complex in mice: genetic evidence for an oocyte-granulosa cell regulatory loop |journal=Dev Biol |volume=276 |issue=1 |pages=64–73 |year=2004 |pmid=15531364 |doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.08.020]

GDF9 has been connected to differences in ovulation rate [cite journal |author=McNatty K, Hudson N, Whiting L, Reader K, Lun S, Western A, Heath D, Smith P, Moore L, Juengel J |title=The Effects of Immunizing Sheep with Different BMP15 or GDF9 Peptide Sequences on Ovarian Follicular Activity and Ovulation Rate |journal=Biol Reprod |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=17093201] [cite journal |author=Juengel J, Hudson N, Whiting L, McNatty K |title=Effects of immunization against bone morphogenetic protein 15 and growth differentiation factor 9 on ovulation rate, fertilization, and pregnancy in ewes |journal=Biol Reprod |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=557–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14585806 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod.103.023333] and in premature cessation of ovary function, [cite journal |author=Kovanci E, Rohozinski J, Simpson J, Heard M, Bishop C, Carson S |title=Growth differentiating factor-9 mutations may be associated with premature ovarian failure |journal=Fertil Steril |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=143–6 |year=2007 |pmid=17156781 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.079] therefore has a significant role in fertility.

The cell surface receptor through which GDF9 generates a signal is the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2). [cite journal |author=Mazerbourg S, Hsueh A |title=Genomic analyses facilitate identification of receptors and signalling pathways for growth differentiation factor 9 and related orphan bone morphogenetic protein/growth differentiation factor ligands |journal=Hum Reprod Update |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=373–83 |year= |pmid=16603567 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dml014] [cite journal |author=Vitt U, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh A |title=Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth differentiation factor-9 |journal=Biol Reprod |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=473–80 |year=2002 |pmid=12135884 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod67.2.473]

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=McGrath SA, Esquela AF, Lee SJ |title=Oocyte-specific expression of growth/differentiation factor-9. |journal=Mol. Endocrinol. |volume=9 |issue= 1 |pages= 131–6 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7760846 |doi=
*cite journal | author=McPherron AC, Lee SJ |title=GDF-3 and GDF-9: two new members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily containing a novel pattern of cysteines. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=268 |issue= 5 |pages= 3444–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8429021 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Dong J, Albertini DF, Nishimori K, "et al." |title=Growth differentiation factor-9 is required during early ovarian folliculogenesis. |journal=Nature |volume=383 |issue= 6600 |pages= 531–5 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8849725 |doi= 10.1038/383531a0
*cite journal | author=Aaltonen J, Laitinen MP, Vuojolainen K, "et al." |title=Human growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF-9) and its novel homolog GDF-9B are expressed in oocytes during early folliculogenesis. |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=84 |issue= 8 |pages= 2744–50 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10443672 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Gilboa L, Nohe A, Geissendörfer T, "et al." |title=Bone morphogenetic protein receptor complexes on the surface of live cells: a new oligomerization mode for serine/threonine kinase receptors. |journal=Mol. Biol. Cell |volume=11 |issue= 3 |pages= 1023–35 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10712517 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Vitt UA, Mazerbourg S, Klein C, Hsueh AJ |title=Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II is a receptor for growth differentiation factor-9. |journal=Biol. Reprod. |volume=67 |issue= 2 |pages= 473–80 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12135884 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Liao WX, Moore RK, Otsuka F, Shimasaki S |title=Effect of intracellular interactions on the processing and secretion of bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) and growth and differentiation factor-9. Implication of the aberrant ovarian phenotype of BMP-15 mutant sheep. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=278 |issue= 6 |pages= 3713–9 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12446716 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M210598200
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Liao WX, Moore RK, Shimasaki S |title=Functional and molecular characterization of naturally occurring mutations in the oocyte-secreted factors bone morphogenetic protein-15 and growth and differentiation factor-9. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=279 |issue= 17 |pages= 17391–6 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14970198 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M401050200
*cite journal | author=Schmutz J, Martin J, Terry A, "et al." |title=The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 5. |journal=Nature |volume=431 |issue= 7006 |pages= 268–74 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15372022 |doi= 10.1038/nature02919
*cite journal | author=Goehler H, Lalowski M, Stelzl U, "et al." |title=A protein interaction network links GIT1, an enhancer of huntingtin aggregation, to Huntington's disease. |journal=Mol. Cell |volume=15 |issue= 6 |pages= 853–65 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15383276 |doi= 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.016
*cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, "et al." |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504
*cite journal | author=Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, "et al." |title=A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. |journal=Cell |volume=122 |issue= 6 |pages= 957–68 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16169070 |doi= 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029
*cite journal | author=Dixit H, Rao LK, Padmalatha V, "et al." |title=Mutational screening of the coding region of growth differentiation factor 9 gene in Indian women with ovarian failure. |journal=Menopause (New York, N.Y.) |volume=12 |issue= 6 |pages= 749–54 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16278619 |doi= 10.1097/01.gme.0000184424.96437.7a
*cite journal | author=Kimura K, Wakamatsu A, Suzuki Y, "et al." |title=Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 55–65 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16344560 |doi= 10.1101/gr.4039406
*cite journal | author=Laissue P, Christin-Maitre S, Touraine P, "et al." |title=Mutations and sequence variants in GDF9 and BMP15 in patients with premature ovarian failure. |journal=Eur. J. Endocrinol. |volume=154 |issue= 5 |pages= 739–44 |year= 2006 |pmid= 16645022 |doi= 10.1530/eje.1.02135
*cite journal | author=Palmer JS, Zhao ZZ, Hoekstra C, "et al." |title=Novel variants in growth differentiation factor 9 in mothers of dizygotic twins. |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=91 |issue= 11 |pages= 4713–6 |year= 2007 |pmid= 16954162 |doi= 10.1210/jc.2006-0970
*cite journal | author=Chand AL, Ponnampalam AP, Harris SE, "et al." |title=Mutational analysis of BMP15 and GDF9 as candidate genes for premature ovarian failure. |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=86 |issue= 4 |pages= 1009–12 |year= 2006 |pmid= 17027369 |doi= 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.02.107
*cite journal | author=Kovanci E, Rohozinski J, Simpson JL, "et al." |title=Growth differentiating factor-9 mutations may be associated with premature ovarian failure. |journal=Fertil. Steril. |volume=87 |issue= 1 |pages= 143–6 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17156781 |doi= 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.05.079
*cite journal | author=Hanavadi S, Martin TA, Watkins G, "et al." |title=The role of growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and its analog, GDF-9b/BMP-15, in human breast cancer. |journal=Ann. Surg. Oncol. |volume=14 |issue= 7 |pages= 2159–66 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17453295 |doi= 10.1245/s10434-007-9397-5

External links

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