Zweihänder

Infobox Weapon
name= Zweihänder


caption= Zweihänders with "Parierhakens" and without them
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type= Sword
is_ranged=
is_bladed=yes
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is_UK=
service= ca. 1300 - 1700
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weight= 2 - 3.2 kg
length= up to 180 cm
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height=
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crew=
blade_type= Double-edged, straight bladed
hilt_type= Two-handed cruciform, with pommel
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head_type=
haft_type=The Audio|De-zweihaender.ogg|"Zweihänder" (German for "two hander", also called Bidenhänder or Bihänder), is a two-handed sword primarily of the Renaissance.

While implemented in Germany in the 14th centuryFact|date=February 2007, it gained renown during the 16th century as the hallmark weapon of the German Landsknechts from the time of Maximilian I. They were allegedly used by the front lines of the Landsknecht, where they would be used to hew through the opposing pikemen and spearmen whose spears presented a difficult barrier for normal weapons and cavalry.

Perhaps the best known user of a Zweihander was Pier Gerlofs Donia who used it with such skill, strength, and efficiency that he managed to behead multiple people with it in a single blow. The Zweihander that he used is, as of 2008, on display in the Frisian museum. It has a length of 213 cm and a weight of over 7 pounds. [cite web|url=http://www.wunseradiel.nl/index.php?simaction=content&pagid=289&mediumid=1|publisher=Gemeente Wûnseradiel|title=Greate Pier fan Wûnseradiel|language=West Frisian|accessdate=2008-01-04]

Technical Features

The Zweihänder could be up to 1.8 m (6 ft) long from the base of the pommel to the tip of the blade, with a 1.2–1.5 m (4–5 ft) blade and 30–45 cm (1–1½ ft) hilt. The weight could range between 2 kg and 3.2 kg (4 1/2 lbs to 7 lbs). However, a ceremonial Zweihänder, which was unsuitable for combat, could weigh up to 7 kg (16 lb).

Some were shorter, though. Earlier versions in particular often had an overall length of about 5 ft (1½ m), weighing as little as 1½ kg.

Features

Guards could be plain or ornate, while hilts usually ended with heart or pear shaped heavy pommels. Occasionally a blunted portion of the forte, the "ricasso" or "Fehlschärfe" (meaning "missing sharpness") at the base of the blade allowed a hand to be placed below the lower guard to "shorten the grip" and make the handle like a polearm. This allowed the user to crudely repel a cavalry charge. The swords have hilt-mounted side-rings and enlarged cross-guards of up to 35 cm (14 in) across. Along the blade, some 10–20 cm (4–8 in) from the upper guard, "Parierhaken" ("parrying hooks") shaped like lugs or flanges acted as a guard for the "ricasso" to prevent other weapons from sliding down the blade.

Application

According to post-medieval accounts, the earlier, more practical Zweihänder types were used to break up pike formations, first by smashing the pikes and then by hitting the pikemen themselves.Fact|date=February 2007.

Some scholars suggest that this is a latter-day legend, and that the type was mainly used for display. But at least as a legend, the notion appears to date to at least the 17th, if not the late 16th century. A fanciful depiction of a Zweihänder used against a halberd in a battle line appears in a Polish chronicle dated to 1597.

Soldiers trained in the use of the sword (the title "Meister des langen Schwertes" was granted by the Marx brotherhood) earned twice the pay of a common footman and were called "Doppelsöldner". The Doppelsöldner were often used as guards of artillery batteries.

The "Goliath fechtbuch" (1510) [http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Goliath/Goliath.htm] shows fencing with Zweihänder-sized swords, albeit without the parrying hooks. This creates some debate as to whether or not Zweihänders are in fact being depicted. The swords are depicted being used in a manner similar to longswords.

References

External links

* [http://www.ejmas.com/jwma/articles/2004/jwmaart_shore_1004.htm Essay by Anthony Shore] (Journal of Western Martial Art)
* [http://www.thearma.org/essays/2HGS.html The Weighty Issue of Two-Handed Greatswords] , by John Clements