Synod of Jerusalem

Greek Orthodox Patriarch Dositheos Notaras convened a Synod in Jerusalem on March, 1672. The occasion was the consecration of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, therefore it is also called the Synod of Bethlehem. The Synod also refuted article by article the confession of Cyril Lucaris, which appeared in Latin at Geneva in 1629, and in Greek, with the addition of four questions, in 1633. Lucaris, who died in 1638 as patriarch of Constantinople, had corresponded with Western scholars and had imbibed Calvinistic views.

The great opposition which arose during his lifetime continued after his death, and found classic expression in the highly venerated confession of Petro Mohyla, metropolitan of Kiev (1643). Though this was intended as a barrier against Calvinistic influences, certain Protestant writers, and not only Roman Catholics, persisted in claiming the support of the Greek Church for sundry of their own positions.

Against the Calvinists the synod of 1672 therefore aimed its rejection of unconditional predestination and of justification by faith alone, and its advocacy of traditional Orthodox doctrines about the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and the fate of the soul after death, which some commentators have regarded as substantially the same as the Roman Catholic views of transubstantiation and personal eschatology. Protestant writers say that this eastern hostility to Calvinism had been fanned by the Jesuits. [cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm|title= Jerusalem (After 1291)|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|year=1913|accessdate=2008-07-10]

Against the Roman Catholic Church, however, there was directed the affirmation that the Holy Ghost proceeds from God the Father and not from both Father and Son; this rejection of the Filioque clause was not unwelcome to the Turks.

Curiously enough, the synod refused to believe that the heretical confession it refuted was actually by a former patriarch of Constantinople; yet the proofs of its genuineness seem to most scholars overwhelming. In negotiations between Anglican and Russian churchmen the confession usually comes to the front.

Importance and criticism

The [http://19.1911encyclopedia.org/J/JE/JERUSALEM_SYNOD_OF.htm 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica] called the Synod of Jerusalem "the most vital statement of faith made in the Greek Church during the past thousand years." And the Protestant scholar Philip Schaff wrote in his [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds1.v.vii.html "Creeds of Christendom"] : "This Synod is the most important in the modern history of the Eastern Church, and may be compared to the Council of Trent." However, modern Eastern or Greek Orthodoxy is much more reserved about the abiding dogmatic authority of this synod. The fact that the Greek bishops often received their training at Latin schools (notably in Venice) accounts for what the late [Georges Florosky] termed the "pseudomorphosis" of Orthodox theology.

Subsequent regional synods have certainly felt free to revisit the issues addressed in Jerusalem. Hence, on the issue of the Old Testament canon, a different position was adopted in the Longer Catechism of Philaret of Moscow.

English translation of the decrees

"The Acts and Decrees of the Synod of Jerusalem" was translated directly from the Greek, and edited with notes, by J.N.W.B. Robertson (London, 1899). The text of Chapter VI, which sets forth the Orthodox faith in eighteen decrees and four questions, commonly known as The Confession of Dositheus, can be consulted at the Web site [http://catholicity.elcore.net/ConfessionOfDositheus.html "Confession of Dositheus".]

References

External links

* [http://19.1911encyclopedia.org/J/JE/JERUSALEM_SYNOD_OF.htm Jerusalem, Synod of] in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica