Harland and Wolff

Infobox Company
company_name = Harland and Wolff
company_
company_type = Private Limited Company
foundation = 1861
Nationalised 1977
Privatised 1989
location = Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
key_people =
industry = Civil Engineering
Marine Engineering
Shipbuilding| products =
revenue =
operating_income =
net_income =
num_employees =500
parent =
subsid =
homepage = [http://www.harland-wolff.com/ www.harland-wolff.com]
footnotes =

Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries is a diversified heavy industrial company specialising in shipbuilding, ship breaking, offshore construction, modular construction, civil and marine engineering, renewables and project management, located in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

Harland and Wolff owns the world's largest dry dock, which is in Belfast. The shipyard has built many types of ships, including RMS "Titanic" and P&O's SS Canberra.

Early history

"Harland and Wolff" was formed in 1861 by Edward James Harland (1831–1895) and Hamburg-born Gustav Wilhelm Wolff (1834–1913, in the UK from age 14). In 1858 Harland, then general manager, bought the small shipyard on "Queen's Island" from his employer Robert Hickson.

After buying Hickson's shipyard, Harland made his assistant Wolff a partner in the company. Wolff was the nephew of Gustavus Schwabe, a financier from Hamburg, who was heavily invested in the Bibby Line, and the first three ships that the newly incorporated shipyard built were for that line. Harland made a success of the business through several innovations, notably replacing the wooden upper decks with iron ones which increased the strength of the ships; and giving the hulls a flatter bottom and squarer section, which increased their capacity.When Harland died in 1894, William James Pirrie became the chairman of the company until his death in 1924. Thomas Andrews also became the managing director and head of the draughting department in 1907. It was during this period that the company built the RMS "Titanic" and her sister-ships RMS "Olympic" and HMHS "Britannic" between 1909 and 1914, commissioning William Arrol to construct a massive twin gantry and slipway structure for the project. These were three of over 70 ships constructed for the White Star Line by the company, the last being the RMS Britannic in 1929.

In 1912, the company acquired another shipyard at Govan in Glasgow, Scotland. It bought the London & Glasgow Engineering & Iron Shipbuilding Co's Middleton and Govan New shipyards in Govan and Mackie & Thomson's Govan Old yard. The three neighbouring yards were amalgamated and redeveloped to provide a total of seven building berths, a fitting-out basin and extensive workshops. Harland & Wolff specialised in building tankers and cargo ships at Govan. The yard was eventually closed in 1962, when the company opted to consolidate its operations in Belfast.

The war years

During World War I, Harland and Wolff built monitors and cruisers, including the 15-inch gun armed "large light cruiser" HMS "Glorious".In 1918, the company opened a new shipyard on the eastern side of the Musgrave Channel which was named the East Yard. This yard specialised in mass-produced ships of standard design developed during the First World War.

The company started an aircraft manufacturing subsidiary with Short Brothers, called Short and Harland Limited in 1936. Its first order was for 189 Handley Page Hereford bombers built under license from Handley Page for the Royal Air Force. During the Second World War, this factory built Short Stirling bombers as the Hereford was removed from service.

The shipyard was busy during World War II, building 6 aircraft carriers, 2 cruisers (including HMS "Belfast") and 131 other naval ships; and repairing over 22,000 vessels. It also manufactured tanks and artillery components. It was during this period that the company's workforce peaked at around 35,000 people. However, many of the vessels built during this era were commissioned right at the end of World War II, as Harland and Wolff were focused on ship repair during the first three years of the war.The yard on Queen's Island was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe in April and May 1941 causing considerable damage to the shipbuilding facilities and destroying the aircraft factory.

Post war period and decline

With the rise of the jet powered airliner in the late 1950s, the demand for Ocean liners declined; and this coupled with competition from Japan led to difficulties for the British shipbuilding industry. The last liner that the company built was the SS "Canberra" in 1960.

In the 1960s, notable achievements for the yard included the tanker Myrina which was the first supertanker built in the UK, and the largest vessel ever launched down a slipway (September 1967). In the same period the yard also built the semisubmersible drilling rig Sea Quest which, due to its three-legged design, was launched down three parallel slipways. This was a first and only time this was ever done.

In the mid-1960s, the British government started advancing loans and subsidies to British shipyards to preserve jobs. Some of this money was used to finance the modernisation of the yard, allowing it to build the much larger post-war merchant ships including one of 333,000 tonnes. However continuing problems led to the company's nationalisation as part of British Shipbuilders in 1977.

The company was bought from the British government in 1989 in a management/employee buy-out in partnership with the Norwegian shipping magnate Fred Olsen; leading to a new company called Harland and Wolff Holdings Plc. By this time, the number of people employed by the company had fallen to around 3000.

For the next few years, Harland and Wolff specialised in building standard Suezmax oil tankers, and has continued to concentrate on vessels for the offshore oil and gas industry. It has made some forays outside of this market. The company bid unsuccessfully tendered against Chantiers de l'Atlantique for the construction of Cunard line's new "Queen Mary 2" [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,190391,00.html The Guardian - Harland & Wolff locks horns with DTI] ] .

With the Shipyard being situated in the mainly Protestant area of East Belfast, for most of its history the workers at Harland and Wolff were almost exclusively Protestant. At certain times, some Roman Catholics working in the shipyard did report discrimination and occasionally violent and threatening behaviour. While there is little concrete proof of this (except in the case of Catholic Maurice O'Kane who was shot by the Ulster Volunteer Force), some Catholic workers insist on its accuracy. The O'Kane case, while occurring within the shipyard, was not carried out by any of Mr O'Kane's co-workers, and indeed a number of workers from both sides of the divide have claimed that the mainly working class status of the yard's workers united them, regardless of political and religious affiliation.

In the late 1990s, the yard was part of the then British Aerospace's team for the Royal Navy's Future Carrier (CVF) programme. It was envisaged that the ship would be constructed in Belfast. However in 1999 BAe merged with Marconi Electronic Systems. The new company, BAE Systems Marine, now own the former Marconi shipyards at Barrow and on the Clyde and will likely construct the ships at one of these.

Restructuring

Faced with competitive pressures (especially as regards shipbuilding), Harland and Wolff sought to shift and broaden their portfolio, focusing less on shipbuilding and more on design and structural engineering, as well as ship repair, offshore construction projects and competing for other projects to do with metal engineering and construction. This led to Harland and Wolff constructing a series of bridges in Britain and also in the Republic of Ireland, building on the success of its first foray into the civil engineering sector with the construction of the Foyle Bridge and others such as Dublin's Millennium Bridge, which some perceived as a historic turnaround, given the company's controversial history.

Harland and Wolff's last shipbuilding project (to date) was the MV Anvil Point, one of 6 near identical Point class sealift ships built for use by the Ministry of Defence. The ship, built under sub-contract from German shipbuilders Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft, was launched in 2003.

Belfast's skyline is still dominated today by Harland and Wolff's famous twin Gantry cranes, Samson and Goliath, built in 1974 and 1969 respectively. There is also speculation about a resurgence in the prosperity of the shipyard thanks to the company's diversification into emerging technologies, particularly in renewable energy development, such as offshore wind turbine and tidal power construction, which may provide an opportunity to further improve the company's fortunes in the long term. For example, the United Kingdom planned to build 7,500 new offshore wind turbines between 2008 and 2020,Cite web
url=http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/britain-will-need-12500-wind-farms-to-satisfy-eu-targets-773145.html
title=Britain will need 12,500 wind farms to satisfy EU targets
publisher=The Independent
first=Michael
last=McCarthy
date=2008-01-24
accessdate=2008-10-07] creating great demand for heavy assembly work. Unlike land-based wind turbines, where assembly occurs on site, offshore wind turbines have part of their assembly done in a shipyard, and then construction barges transport the tower sections, rotors, and nacelles to the site for final erection and assembly.

In recent years the company has indeed seen its ship-related workload increase slightly. Whilst Harland & Wolff has no involvement in any shipbuilding projects for the foreseeable future, the company is increasingly involved in overhaul, re-fitting and ship repair, as well as the construction and repair of off-shore equipment such as oil platforms. In late 2007, the 'Goliath' gantry crane was re-commissioned, having been moth-balled in 2003 due to the lack of heavy-lifting work at the yard.

In March 2008 the construction of the World's first commercial tidal stream turbine, for [http://www.marineturbines.com/ Marine Current Turbines] , was completed at the Belfast yard. The installation of the 1.2MW SeaGen Tidal System was begun in Strangford Lough on the third of April 2008. [ [http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/environment/article3566307.ece Belfast Telegraph - World's first as £12m turbine installed in Strangford Lough] ] .

In June 2008, assembly work at the Belfast yard was underway on 60 Vestas V90-3MW wind turbines for the Robin Rigg Wind Farm.Cite web
url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/business-news/breath-of-fresh-air-for-hampw-with-wind-turbune-venture-13506748.html
title=Breath of fresh air for H&W with wind turbine venture
first=Claire
last=Harrison
date=2008-06-02
accessdate=2008-10-07
publisher=Belfast Telegraph] This was the second offshore wind farm assembled by the company for Vestas.

Ships constructed

Ships built by Harland and Wolff include: [ [http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_shipbuild.asp?sb=hwo Passenger lists and Emigrant ships from Norway-Heritage - Shipyard: Harland & Wolff] ]

* 89 of the White Star liners (most notably RMS Titanic)

* "RMS Mooltan": Launched on 15 February 1923
* "RMS Maloja": Launched on the 19th April 1923
* "SS Minnewaska":Maiden Voyage 1st September 1923
* "SS Minnehaha" Built in 1900, Sunk in 1917
* "SS Arundel Castle" Launch on 11 September 1919
* Aircraft Carriers
** HMS Formidable (R67)
** HMS Eagle (R05)
** HMS Unicorn (I72)
** HMS Glory (R62)
** HMS Warrior (R31)
** HMCS Magnificent (CVL 21)
** HMCS Bonaventure (CVL 22)
** HMS Centaur (R06)
** HMS Bulwark (R08)
* Cruisers
** HMS Penelope (97)
** HMS Belfast (C35)
** HMS Black Prince (81)
** HMCS Ontario (C53)

Archives

The archives relating to the Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS).

References

External links

* [http://www.harland-wolff.com Harland and Wolff Heavy Industries]
* [http://www.titanic-titanic.com/harland_and_wolff.shtml Harland and Wolff On Titanic-Titanic.com]
* [http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/key_list.php?key=Harland+%26+Wolff Encyclopedia Titanica : Harland & Wolff]
* [http://www.rte.ie/news/2004/0526/nationwide.html "Nationwide" program feat. a report on Harland and Wolff's bridge-building in the Republic of Ireland] (Real player required to watch)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6559917.stm "Bad Management" program which resulted in a huge crane collapsing. The management currently is still undecided why their crane actually fell the ground.]
* [http://www.secondworldwarni.org Second World War online resource for NI]