Edward Harland

Infobox Person
name =Sir Edward J. Harland, Bart.

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image_size =
caption =Statue of Sir Edward Harland in the grounds of City Hall, Belfast
birth_date =birth date|1831|5|15
birth_place =Scarborough, North Yorkshire
death_date =death date and age|1895|12|24|1831|5|15
death_place =Glenfarne Hall, County Leitrim
resting_place=Belfast City Cemetery
resting_place_coordinates= coord|54.59|-5.98
other_names =
known_for =Co-founder of Harland and Wolff
occupation =Shipbuilder, Businessman, Politician
nationality =British
alma_mater =Edinburgh Academy
title=Baronet, Knight Bachelor
religion=Presbyterian
spouse=Rosa Matilda Wann (1860-death)
party=Conservative and Unionist Party

Sir Edward James Harland, 1st Baronet (15 May 1831 – 24 December 1895) was a British shipbuilder, Knight Bachelor, baronet and politician. Born in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, he was educated at Edinburgh Academy. In 1846, aged 15, he took an apprenticeship at the engineering works of Robert Stephenson and Company in Newcastle upon Tyne. Afterwards he was employed in jobs in Glasgow and again in Newcastle, before moving to Belfast in 1854 to manage Robert Hickson's shipyard at Queen's Island. Four years later he bought the yard and renamed the business Edward James Harland and Company, before in 1861 he formed a business partnership with Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, his former personal assistant, creating Harland and Wolff. Later, Harland recruited William James Pirrie as another partner. Edward Harland, Gustav Wolff and William James Pirrie maintained a successful business, receiving regular orders from the White Star Line, before Harland's retirement in 1889, leaving Wolff and Pirrie to manage the shipyard.

Outside of his company, Harland served as a Belfast harbour commissioner. In 1885, Harland was granted a knighthood and a baronetcy. Harland was a member of the Conservative and Unionist Party, and served as Mayor of Belfast; later he moved to London and served as Member of Parliament for Belfast North until his death.

Early life

Edward James Harland was born on 15 May 1831 in Newborough, a neighbourhood within Scarborough, North Yorkshire to Dr. William Harland and his wife Anne, the daughter of Gowan Pierson who was from Goathland, Yorkshire.cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37511 |title=Harland, Sir Edward James, baronet (1831-1895)|accessdate=2008-03-21 |author=Michael S. Moss |date=2004 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press] Harland's birthplace is now the site of a Marks & Spencer store.cite web |url=http://www.scarboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/page5.html |title=Scarborough & District Civic Society Blue Plaques |accessdate=2008-03-21 |publisher=Scarborough & District Civic Society] Edward was the seventh child of ten, and the fourth boy of six. His antecedent brother died as an infant; Edward Harland is described as the sixth child in the family by alternative sources.cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/northern_ireland/ni_9/article_1.shtml |title=BBC Legacies - Work - Northern Ireland - The Yard – Article 1|accessdate=2008-03-21 |date=2004 |work=BBC Legacies |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation] cite web |url=http://www.scarboroughcivicsociety.org.uk/page8.html |title=Scarborough & District Civic Society 2001 Blue Plaque - Sir Edward James Harland |accessdate=2008-03-21 |author=Tony Stephens |publisher=Scarborough & District Civic Society] Dr. Harland was a physician and an amateur engineer; he invented a patented steam powered carriage in 1827.

Early career

Edward Harland was educated at Edinburgh Academy.cite web |url=http://www.edinburghacademy.org.uk/seniorprospectus/alumni/harland.htm |title=Edinburgh Academy Alumni – Sir Edward Harland |accessdate=2008-03-21|date=2005|publisher=Edinburgh Academy] In 1846, aged 15, he went to Newcastle upon Tyne to serve an apprenticeship at Robert Stephenson and Company, an engineering works. The owner, Robert Stephenson, was the son of George Stephenson,cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26400?docPos=2 |title=Stephenson, Robert (1803–1859) |accessdate=2008-03-21 |author=M.W. Kirby |date=September 2004 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press] the locomotive engineer, of whom Edward Harland's father was a friend. Harland served as an apprentice in Newcastle until 1851.cite web |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t245.e829 |title=Harland, Sir Edward James|accessdate=2008-03-21 |author=Frank Geary |date=2004 |work=The Oxford Companion to Irish History |publisher=Oxford University Press] During the apprenticeship, Harland met Gustav Christian Schwabe, who knew Dr. Thomas Harland, Edward's uncle; Schwabe was a partner in John Bibby & Sons, a shipping company based in Liverpool. Schwabe arranged for Harland to be employed at J. and G. Thomson marine engineers in Glasgow, who were shipbuilding for John Bibby, after he completed his apprenticeship. Here, Harland earned 20 shillings a week and became head draughtsman. In 1853, Harland left Glasgow to return to Newcastle, as the manager of the Thomas Toward shipyard on the Tyne.

Robert Hickson and Company

In December 1854, Harland moved to Belfast with Schwabe's encouragement,cite web |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48947 |title=Schwabe, Gustav Christian (1813–1897)|accessdate=2008-03-26 |author=Michael S. Moss |date=September 2004 |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press] and was employed as manager of Robert Hickson's shipyard in Queen's Island. Here, Harland became known for strict management and improving workmanship, by cutting wages and banning smoking; he also a carried a piece of chalk and an ivory ruler, used for marking mistakes. A employee at Harland's later venture, Harland and Wolff stated: Quote|He had an all-smelling nose as well as an all-seeing eye. One day he was walking rapidly along, and he suddenly stopped dead and sniffed at a saw-pit. In a flash the trapdoor was lifted and there squatting in the sawdust was a wizened little man, puffing at clay pipe|An employee at Harland and Wolff| Harland was able to keep the shipyard running despite the owner's financial problems. In 1857, Harland employed Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, Gustav Schwabe's nephew, as his personal assistant. Harland began attempting to open his own shipbuilding business, and was unsuccessful with several applications to open yards in Liverpool.cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/work/northern_ireland/ni_9/article_2.shtml |title=BBC Legacies - Work - Northern Ireland - The Yard – Article 2|accessdate=2008-03-21 |date=2004 |work=BBC Legacies |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation] But on 21 September 1858, Robert Hickson wrote to him: Quote|I offer you my interest and goodwill in the shipyard at the Queen's Island, Belfast...for the sum of five thousand pounds...|Robert Hickson|With the financial assistance of Gustav Schwabe,cite web |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t110.e2023&srn=1&ssid=970934128#FIRSTHIT |title=Harland, Edward James|accessdate=2008-03-21 |author=Alvin Jackson |date=1997 |work=Oxford Companion to British History|publisher=Oxford University Press] Harland purchased the business and on 1 November 1858, Edward James Harland and Company was created.

Founding of Harland and Wolff

Edward Harland's new company quickly attracted an order of three boats from John Bibby & Sons. These boats were named "Venetian", "Sicilian" and "Syrian"; the current company's order book still has the three boats listed as "No. 1", "No. 2" and "No. 3". Impressed with the boats, Bibby ordered six more boats from Harland in 1860. The boats that Edward Harland designed were long, had a narrow beam and were flat-bottomed; the boats became known as "Bibby's coffins". On 26 January 1860, Harland married Rosa Matilda Wann, of Vermont, Belfast, who was the daughter of Thomas Wann, a stockbroker and insurance agent. In 1861, Harland chose the 27-year-old Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, his former personal assistant, to become a partner in the firm, forming Harland and Wolff. Harland's company had a prosperous relationship with Thomas Henry Ismay's White Star Line, a prominent shipping company, ensuring regular orders and financial success. Harland's designing skills created ships with flatter bottoms and squarer bilges to increase capacity. According to Edward Harland's obituary in "The Times", he designed his company's ocean liners "on the model of a fish swimming through the water."cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/item/3439/ |title=The Times obituary of Sir Edward Harland, M. P.|accessdate=2008-03-21 |publisher=Encyclopedia Titanica] Harland's company received orders during the American Civil War from the Confederate States of America, who bought fast steamers to evade the Union blockade.cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/ashorthistory/archive/intro191.shtml |title=BBC – A short history of Ireland|accessdate=2008-03-21 |author= |date= |work= |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation] In 1874 Edward Harland recruited William James Pirrie, a former apprentice at the company as a partner; Pirrie would later become chairman of the company, and was given the task of finding buyers and negotiating deals. Harland was once asked the nature of the three men's business relationship and replied: Quote|Well, Wolff designs the ships, Pirrie sells them and I smoke the firm's cigars.|Edward Harland| Harland applied for several patents including, in 1860 for "improvements in constructing and covering the decks of ships and other floating bodies", [LondonGazette|issue=23210|startpage=333|date=18 January 1867|accessdate=2008-03-19] in 1871 for "improvements in apparatus for propelling vessels", [LondonGazette|issue=23829|startpage=658|date=20 February 1872|accessdate=2008-03-19] in 1878 for "improvements in screw-propellers." [LondonGazette|issue=24622|startpage=5043|date=6 September 1878|accessdate=2008-03-19] In 1880 Harland and his two partners decided to expand further and built their own engine works. Harland began having less involvement in the running of the shipyard, and in 1889 he retired from daily involvement in the business.

Political career and later life

Edward Harland served as the chief Belfast Harbour Commissioner from 1875 until the 1880s. [Note: The [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37511 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography] states that he was chief commissioner until 1885, while the [http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t245.e829 Oxford Companion to Irish History] states that he was chief commissioner until 1887.] Harland was a Presbyterian and a member of the Church in Rosemary Street, Belfast. As a member of the Conservative and Unionist Party, he served as Mayor of Belfast in 1885 and 1886, and strongly opposed the 1886 Home Rule Bill. In 1885, Harland was granted a knighthood and on 25 July the same year, he was granted a baronetcy. [LondonGazette|issue=25493|startpage=3426|date=24 July 1885|accessdate=2008-03-19] In 1889 Harland was elected to serve as the Member of Parliament for Belfast North. [LondonGazette|issue=25965|startpage=4460|date=16 August 1889|accessdate=2008-03-19] [Note: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and The Oxford Companion to Irish History state 1887; The London Gazette and The Oxford Companion to British History state 1889.] Harland then moved to London, and was re-elected unopposed twice in 1892 and 1895 [LondonGazette|issue=26311|startpage=4314|date=29 July 1892|accessdate=2008-03-19] [LondonGazette|issue=26155|startpage=4488|date=9 August 1895|accessdate=2008-03-19] and served as MP for the constituency until his death, on Christmas Eve 1895 at his Irish home, Glenfarne Hall in County Leitrim. Harland left no heir to his baronetcy. He was appointed to a Royal Commission on industrial disputes in 1891. [LondonGazette|issue=26155|startpage=2238|endpage=2239|date=24 April 1891|accessdate=2008-03-19]

Notes