Japanese war fan

Antique Japanese (samurai) Edo period gunsen war fan, made of iron, bamboo and lacquer depicting the sun (1800-50) on display at the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco, California.

A war fan is a fan designed for use in warfare. Several types of war fans were used by the samurai class of feudal Japan.

Description

War fans varied in size, materials, shape and use. One of the most significant uses was as a signalling device.^[1] Signalling fans came in two varieties:#1 a real fan that has wood or metal ribs with lacquered paper attached to the ribs and a metal outer cover, #2 a solid open fan made from metal and or wood, very similar to the gunbai used today by sumo referees.^[2] The commander would raise or lower his fan and point in different ways to issue commands to the soldiers, which would then be passed on by other forms of visible and audible signalling.^[3]

War fans could also used as weapons, The art of fighting with war fans is tessenjutsu.^[1]

Types of Japanese war fans

A tessen (iron fan) on display in Iwakuni Castle, Japan

• Gunsen (軍扇^?) were folding fans used by the average warriors to cool themselves off. They were made of wood, bronze, brass or a similar metal for the inner spokes, and often used thin iron or other metals for the outer spokes or cover, making them lightweight but strong.^[1] Warriors would hang their fans from a variety of places, most typically from the belt or the breastplate, though the latter often impeded the use of a sword or a bow.^{[citation needed]}
• Tessen (鉄扇^?) were folding fans with outer spokes made of heavy plates of iron which were designed to look like normal, harmless folding fans or solid clubs shaped to look like a closed fan. Samurai could take these to places where swords or other overt weapons were not allowed, and some swordsmanship schools included training in the use of the tessen as a weapon. The tessen was also used for fending off arrows and darts, as a throwing weapon, and as an aid in swimming.^[3]
• Gunbai (Gumbai), Gunpai (Gumpai) or dansen uchiwa (軍配^?) were large solid open fans that could be solid iron, metal with wooden core, or solid wood, which were carried by high-ranking officers.^[4] They were used to ward off arrows, as a sunshade, and to signal to troops.^[5][6]

War fans in history and folklore

One particularly famous legend involving war fans concerns a direct confrontation between Takeda Shingen and Uesugi Kenshin at the fourth battle of Kawanakajima. Kenshin burst into Shingen's command tent on horseback, having broken through his entire army, and attacked; his sword was deflected by Shingen's war fan. It is not clear whether Shingen parried with a tessen, a dansen uchiwa, or some other form of fan. Nevertheless, it was quite rare for commanders to fight directly, and especially for a general to defend himself so effectively when taken so off-guard.

Minamoto no Yoshitsune is said to have defeated the great warrior monk Saitō Musashibō Benkei with a tessen.

Araki Murashige is said to have used a tessen to save his life when the great warlord Oda Nobunaga sought to assassinate him. Araki was invited before Nobunaga, and was stripped of his swords at the entrance to the mansion, as was customary. When he performed the customary bowing at the threshold, Nobunaga intended to have the room's sliding doors slammed shut onto Araki's neck, killing him. However, Araki supposedly placed his tessen in the grooves in the floor, blocking the doors from closing.^[3]

The Yagyū clan, sword instructors to the Tokugawa shoguns, included tessenjutsu in their martial arts school, the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū.

War fans outside Japan

See also: Korean fighting fan

Fans are also used for offensive and defensive purposes in the Chinese and Korean martial arts. They are called "铁扇" (tiě shàn, literally "steel fan") in Chinese, and "부채" (buchae) in Korean – see Korean fighting fan.

In popular culture

• Examples of Japanese war fans in popular culture.
• Video games, in the series Samurai Warriors, Takeda Shingen wields a dansen uchiwa in the first game^[7] in SW2, Ishida Mitsunari also wields a tessen.^[8] War fans are used by the popular video game female ninja characters Mai Shiranui (wooden-paper fans in the Fatal Fury and King of Fighters series^[9]) and Kitana (a pair of sharp metal fans in the Mortal Kombat series and films^[10]).
• Manga, Cartoon and anime, in series (such as in InuYasha by Kagura^[11] and in Naruto by Temari^[12] and Madara Uchiha^[13]) and Code Lyoko by Yumi Ishiyama .
• Animated television series, in series (such as in Avatar: The Last Airbender by Kyoshi Warriors^[14] and in Code Lyoko by Yumi Ishiyama^[15]).

Gallery

• 

  Antique Edo period Japanese (samurai) solid iron tessen fan.

• 

  An iron Japanese tessen fan with wood ribs.

• 

  Antique Edo period Japanese (samurai) gunsen fan with wood ribs and an iron outer cover.

• 

  Antique Japanese (samurai) gunbai war fan. Wood and lacquer with shell inlay.

See also

• Tessenjutsu

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} William E. Deal, Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan, p.167
2. ^ Louis Frédéric, Japan Encyclopedia, p.267
3. ^ ^{a b c} Oscar Ratti, Adele Westbrook, Secrets of the Samurai: A Survey of the Martial Arts of Feudal Japan, p.296-304
4. ^ Jōchi Daigaku, JSTOR (Organization), Monumenta Nipponica, Volume 16, p.71-p.73
5. ^ Karl M. Schwarz, Netsuke Subjects: A Study on the NetsukeThemes With Reference to Their Interpretation and Symbolism, p.116
6. ^ A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: In All Countries and in All Times, George Cameron Stone, Courier Dover Publications, 1999 P.256
7. ^ Shingen Takeda - The Koei Wiki
8. ^ Mitsunari Ishida - The Koei Wiki
9. ^ Mai Shiranui - SNK Wiki
10. ^ Kitana - The Mortal Kombat Wiki
11. ^ Kagura - InuYasha Wiki
12. ^ Temari - Narutopedia
13. ^ Madara Uchiha - Narutopedia
14. ^ Kyoshi Warriors - Avatar Wiki
15. ^ Yumi Ishiyama - Code Lyoko Wiki

• Oscar Ratti and Adele Westbrook, Secrets of the Samurai, Edison, NJ: Castle Books (1973).