George Balanchine

Infobox Actor
name = George Balanchine
birthname = Georgy Melitonovich Balanchivadze
birthdate = birth date|1904|1|22
birthplace = St. Petersburg, Russia
deathdate = death date and age|1983|4|30|1904|1|22
deathplace = New York City, New York
occupation = choreographer, actor, director
yearsactive = 1929 - 1983
spouse = Tamara Geva (1921-1926)
Vera Zorina (1938-1946)
Maria Tallchief (1946-1952)
Tanaquil LeClerq (1952-1969)

George Balanchine (January 22, 1904 – April 30, 1983), born Giorgi Melitonis dze Balanchivadze ( _ka. გიორგი მელიტონის ძე ბალანჩივაძე) in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to Georgian parents, [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B05EEDB1438F93AA15755C0A9629C8B63 NY Times article by Anna Kisselgoff, June 29, 2004] ] was one of the 20th century's foremost choreographers, a pioneer of ballet in the United States, co-founder and balletmaster of New York City Ballet: his work created modern ballet, based on his deep knowledge of classical forms and techniques. [Joseph Horowitz (2008). [http://josephhorowitz.com/content.asp?elemento_id=58 "Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts."] HarperCollins. ISBN 006074846X] He was a choreographer known for his musicality; he did not illustrate music but expressed it in dance and worked extensively with Igor Stravinsky, his contemporary.

Georgia and Russia

Balanchine's father, noted Georgian composer Meliton Balanchivadze (1862–1937), was one of the founders of the Georgian Opera. George's brother, Andria Balanchivadze (1906–1992), became a well-known Georgian composer. As a child, Balanchine was not particularly interested in ballet. However, his mother possessed a deep love for the art and had the young Giorgi audition with his sister, who shared her mother's passion for ballet. Since his family was mostly comprised of composers and soldiers, it was said that Balanchine could always follow family tradition and enroll in the military if it turned out he wasn't talented at dancing. In 1913 (at age nine) Balanchine moved from rural Finland to Saint Petersburg and was enrolled in the Imperial Ballet School, principal school of the Imperial Ballet, where he studied under Pavel Gerdt and Samuil Andrianov (Pavel's son-in-law). [Joseph Horowitz (2008). [http://josephhorowitz.com/content.asp?elemento_id=58 "Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts."] HarperCollins. ISBN 006074846X] With the victory of the Bolsheviks in the revolution, the school was disbanded as an offensive symbol of the Tsarist regime. To survive the privation and martial law of this period, Balanchine played the piano — for food, not for money — at cabarets and silent movie theatres. Eventually the Imperial Ballet School reopened with greatly reduced funding. After graduating with honours in 1921, Balanchine enrolled in the Petrograd Conservatory in tandem with his corps de ballet duties at The State Academic Theatre for Opera and Ballet (formerly the State Theater of Opera and Ballet). In 1922 when Balanchine was eighteen, he married Tamara Geva, a fifteen year old dancer. His studies at the conservatory included advanced piano, music theory, counterpoint, harmony, and composition. Balanchine graduated from the conservatory in 1923, and he was a member of the corps until 1924.

While still in his teens, Balanchine choreographed his first work, a pas de deux called "La Nuit" (1920, music by Anton Rubinstein). This was followed by another duet, "Enigma", danced in bare feet. In 1923, with fellow dancers, he formed a small ensemble, the Young Ballet. The choreography proved too experimental for the new authorities, who strongly encouraged the group to disband. On a trip to East Prussia with the Soviet State Dancers, Balanchine, Tamara Geva, Alexandra Danilova, and Nicholas Efimov defected to the west and fled to Paris in 1924. Serge Diaghilev, another Russian exile, asked Balanchine to join his Ballets Russes as a choreographer. [Joseph Horowitz (2008). [http://josephhorowitz.com/content.asp?elemento_id=58 "Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts."] HarperCollins. ISBN 006074846X]

Ballets Russes

Diaghilev soon promoted Balanchine to balletmaster of the company and allowed him to develop his own choreography. Between 1924 and Diaghilev's death in 1929, Balanchine created nine ballets, as well as smaller choreographies. Unfortunately, he also suffered a serious knee injury at this time, which limited his dancing and effectively ended his performance career. In 1926 Balanchine and Tamara Geva divorced. Shortly after, Balanchine commenced a relationship with dancer Alexandra Danilova which lasted a few years. Danilova is considered his second wife.

After Diaghilev's death the Ballets Russes fell into disarray. Balanchine began to stage dances for the Cochran Revues in London, and was retained by the Royal Danish Ballet in Copenhagen as guest ballet master. He returned to the Ballets Russes when it settled in Monte Carlo, resuming his post as ballet master for the new Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, and choreographed three ballets: "Cotillon", "La Concurrence", and "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme". His muse in Monte Carlo was the young Tamara Toumanova, one of the original "Baby Ballerinas".

When René Blum passed control of the company to Colonel W. de Basil, Balanchine again left the Ballets Russes. This time he formed his own company, Les Ballets 1933, with the financial backing of Edward James and Diaghilev's former secretary and companion Boris Kochno as an advisor. The company lasted only a couple of months in 1933, but in that time several new choreographies were conceived by Balanchine, including artistic collaborations with Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill, Pavel Tchelitchew, Darius Milhaud, and Henri Sauget.

It was after a performance by Les Ballets 1933 that Lincoln Kirstein, an American arts patron with a dream of establishing a ballet company in the U.S., met and quickly persuaded Balanchine to move to the United States. By October of that year, Balanchine had landed overseas for the first time and launched his influence on the character of American dance.

United States

Upon arriving in the United States, Balanchine insisted that his first project would be to establish a ballet school. With the support of Lincoln Kirstein and Edward M.M. Warburg, the School of American Ballet opened its doors to students on January 2, 1934, less than 3 months after Balanchine arrived in the U.S. The students premiered "Serenade" at the Warburg's summer estate later that year. During the 1930s and 1940s, in between his ballet activities, Balanchine worked as a choreographer for musical theater (with such notables as Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart and Vernon Duke). He greatly admired Fred Astaire, describing him as "the most interesting, the most inventive, the most elegant dancer of our times... you see a little bit of Astaire in everybody's dancing—a pause here, a move there. It was all Astaire originally." [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fred_Astaire]

In 1935, Balanchine formed a professional company called the American Ballet. After failing to mount a tour, the company began performing at the Metropolitan Opera House. After being allowed to stage only two dance performances ("Orfeo and Eurydice" in 1936, and an evening of dance choreographed to the music of Igor Stravinsky in 1937), Balanchine moved the company to Hollywood in 1938. Upon arriving at Los Angeles's Union Station, Balanchine was met by the press. He rented a white two-story house on North Fairfax Ave not far from Hollywood Boulevard with Kopeikine. The company reconvened as the American Ballet Caravan and toured North and South America. It folded after several years. Balanchine served as resident choreographer for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo from 1944 to 1946.

Soon he formed a new dance company, the Ballet Society, again with the generous help of Lincoln Kirstein. After it had several successful performances, and unsuccessful ones, the New York City Center for Music and Drama offered the company the position of resident company at the center. With that arrangement, Ballet Society became the New York City Ballet in 1948. Balanchine's 1954 staging of "The Nutcracker", performed every year in New York City during the Christmas season, has made the ballet a Christmas tradition in the United States, and money-making tradition for most of the companies which perform it.

In the 1960s, Balanchine fell deeply in love with the young dancer Suzanne Farrell. He created many ballets for her, including "Don Quixote" (with his playing the "Don", and Farrell, "Dulcinea"), and the "Diamonds" section of the full-length ballet "Jewels". Some ballerinas, including his former wife Maria Tallchief, quit, citing Farrell as the reason. Balanchine obtained a Mexican divorce from Le Clercq, only to discover Farrell had married NYCB dancer, Paul Meija. In 1970 both Farrell and her husband quit the company. They then moved to Brussels and joined Maurice Bejart's dance company. In 1975, Farrell returned to the NYCB.

In 1978 George Balanchine received the Kennedy Center Honors Award, the first year the awards were given. In 1983, Balanchine died of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, diagnosed only after his death. He first showed symptoms in 1978 when he began losing his balance while dancing. As the disease progressed, his equilibrium, eyesight and hearing deteriorated. By 1982 he was incapacitated. He died the following year at the age of 79 in New York City, NY, USA. [ [http://www.britannica.com/eb/question-49801/51/George-Balanchine-died "Encyclopedia Brittanica,"] retrieved May 27, 2008.] In his last years, Balanchine also suffered from angina and underwent heart bypass surgery .

After his divorce from Tamara Geva, Balanchine married and divorced three more times. All were dancers: Vera Zorina (December 1938–1946), Maria Tallchief (1946–1952), and Tanaquil LeClerq (1952–1969), as was his common-law wife, Alexandra Danilova (1926–1933). He had no children.

Choreographed work

for the Ballets Russes

* "Le Chant du Rossignol" ("The Song of the Nightingale") (1925)
* "Jack in the Box" (1926)
* "Pastorale" (1926)
* "Barabau" (1926)
* "La Chatte" (1927)
* "Le Triomphe de Neptune" (1927)
* "Apollo" (1928)
* "The Prodigal Son" (1929)
* "Le Bal" (1929)
* "Balustrade" (1941)

for the Ballets Russes de Monte-Carlo

* "Cotillon" (1932)
* "Concurrence" (1932)
* "Danses Concertantes" (1944 and 1972)
* "La Sonnambula" (1946)

for Les Ballets 1933

* "The Seven Deadly Sins" (1933)
* "Errante" (1933)
* "Les Songes" (1933)
* "Fastes" (1933)

for the American Ballet:

* "Alma Mater" (1934)
* "Les Songes" ("Dreams") (1934)
* "Mozartiana" (1934)
* "Serenade" (1935)
* "Errante" (1935)
* "Reminiscence" (1935)
* "Jeu de Cartes" (variously, "Card Game" or "The Card Party") (1937)
* "Le Baiser de la Fée" (originally titled "The Fairy's Kiss") (1937)

for Broadway:

*"Ziegfeld Follies of 1936"
** "Island in the West Indies"
** "Maharanee"
*"On Your Toes" by Rodgers and Hart
** "Princess Zenobia Ballet" (1936)
** "Slaughter on Tenth Avenue" (1936):::"This dramatic ballet served as the climax of this musical production and has subsequently been presented as a stand-alone piece; however, several of the sung numbers in the show featured dance routines as well, notably the title number".

for American Ballet Caravan:

* "Encounter" (1936)
* "Ballet Imperial" (later referred to as the "Tschaikovsky Piano Concerto No. 2") (1941)
* "Concerto Barocco" (1941)

for the Ballet del Teatro de Colón:

* Mozart Violin Concerto (1942)

for the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo:

* "Song of Norway" (1944)
* "Danses Concertantes" (1944)
* "Le Bourgeois gentilhomme" (1944)
* "Pas de Deux (Grand adagio)" (1945)
* "The Night Shadow" (1946)
* "Raymonda" (1946)

for the Ballet Theatre:

* Waltz Academy (1944)
* "Theme and Variations" (1947)

for the Ballet Society:

* "The Four Temperaments (ballet)|The Four Temperaments" (1946)
* "L'enfant et Les Sortilèges" ("The Spellbound Child") (1946) [Balanchine created ballet sequences for Ravel's opera "L'enfant et les sortilèges" to Colette's libretto with what Ravel described as "Russian dancers", presumably from the Ballets Russes for the 1925 Monte Carlo premiere; this is not however listed as a Ballets Russes production.]
* "Haieff Divertimento" (1947)
* "Symphonie Concertante" (1947)
* "Orpheus" (1948)

for the Paris Opera Ballet:

* "Palais de Cristal" (later called "Symphony in C") (1947)

for the Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas:

* "Minkus Pas De Trois" (1948)

for New York City Ballet:

* "La Sonnambula" (1946)
* "Bourrée Fantasque" (1949)
* "The Firebird" (with Jerome Robbins) (1949)
* "Sylvia Pas De Deux" (1950)
* "Swan Lake" (after Lev Ivanov)] " (1951)
* "La Valse (ballet)|La Valse" (1951)
* "Harlequinade" (1952)
* "Harlequinade Pas De Deux" (1952)
* "Scotch Symphony" (1952)
* "Valse Fantaisie" (1953/1967)
* "The Nutcracker" (1954)
* "Ivesiana" (1954)
* "Western Symphony" (1954)
* "Glinka Pas De Trois" (1955)
* "Pas De Dix" (1955)
* "Divertimento No. 15" (1956)
* "Allegro Brillante" (1956)
* "Agon" (1957)
* "Square Dance" (1957)
* "Gounod Symphony" (1958)
* "Stars and Stripes" (a ballet in 5 "campaigns")' (1958)
* "Episodes" (1959)
* "Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux" (1960)
* "Monumentum pro Gesualdo" (1960)
* "Donizetti Variations" (1960)
* "Liebeslieder Walzer" (1960)
* "Raymonda Variations" (1961)
* "A Midsummer Night's Dream (ballet)|A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1962)
* "Bugaku" (1963)
* "Meditation (ballet)|Meditation" (1963)
* "Movements for Piano and Orchestra" (1963)
* "Brahms-Schoenberg Quartet" (1966)
* "Jewels" (1967)
** "Emeralds"
** "Rubies"
** "Diamonds"
* "La Source" (1968)
* "Who Cares" (1970)
* "Tschaikovsky Suite No. 3" (1970)
* Stravinsky Festival (1972)
** "Pulcinella" (with Jerome Robbins)
** "Violin Concerto"
** "Symphony in Three Movements"
** "Duo Concertant"
** "Lost Sonata"
** "Divertimento from "Le Baiser de la fée"
** "Choral Variations on Bach's "Vom Himmel Hoch"
** "Danses Concertantes"
** "Scherzo Á La Russe"
* "Cortège Hongrois" (1973)
* "Coppélia" (1974)
* "Variations Pour Une Porte Et Un Soupir" (1974)
* Ravel Festival (1975)
** "Sonatine (ballet)|Sonatine"
** "Tzigane (ballet)|Tzigane"
** "Le Tombeau de Couperin"
** "Pavane (ballet)|Pavane"
** "Shéhérazade (ballet)|Shéhérazade"
** "Gaspard de la Nuit (ballet)|Gaspard de la Nuit"
** "Rapsodie Espagnole"
* "The Steadfast Tin Soldier (ballet)|The Steadfast Tin Soldier" (1975)
* "Tzigane (ballet)|Tzigane" (1975)
* "Chaconne (ballet)|Chaconne" (1976)
* "Union Jack (ballet)|Union Jack" (1976)
* "Vienna Waltzes" (1977)
* "Ballo della Regina" (1978)
* "Kammermusik No. 2" (1978)
* "Robert Schuman's Davidsbündlertänze" (1980)
* "Walpurgisnacht Ballet" (1980)
* Tschaikovsky Festival (1981)
** "Garland Dance"
** "Mozartiana"
* Stravinsky Centennial Celebration (1982)
** "Élégie"

for New York City Opera:

* "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" (1979)

Notes

Further reading

*cite book | last=Taper | first=Bernard | coauthors= | title=George Balanchine: A Biography | publisher=University of California Press | year=1996 | isbn=0520206398

*cite book | last=Joseph | first=Charles M. | coauthors= | title=Stravinsky and Balanchine, A Journey of Invention | location=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2002 | isbn=0-300-08712-8

*cite book | last=Gottlieb | first=Robert | coauthors= | title=George Balanchine: The Ballet Maker | publisher=Harper Collins | year=2004 | isbn=0060750707

External links

* [http://www.balanchine.com George Balanchine Trust website]
* [http://www.balanchine.org George Balanchine Foundation website]
* [http://www.nycballet.com NYCB website]
* [http://www.sab.org/ SAB website]
* [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50E13F83E5C0C728CDDAC0894DB484D81&scp=9 Sunday NY Times obituary by Anna Kisselgoff, May 1, 1983]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E6DE143AF933A05755C0A9659C8B63 NY Times article by Anna Kisselgoff, June 30, 2003]
* [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21878 Keeper of the Jewels] article on Balanchine by Robert Gottlieb from "The New York Review of Books", volume 55, number 15, October 9, 2008

Listening

* [http://artofthestates.org/cgi-bin/piece.pl?pid=357 Art of the States: Dreams] A recording of George Antheil's score for the Balanchine ballet

Persondata
NAME=Balanchine, George
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Russian-American choreographer and ballet master and master teacher
DATE OF BIRTH=Spring January 22, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH=Lomonosov, Russia, Georgia
DATE OF DEATH=April 30, 1983
PLACE OF DEATH=New York City, New York, United States