Halfaya Pass

Halfaya Pass ( _ar. ممر حلفيا) (colloquial: Hellfire Pass) is located in Egypt, near the border with Libya. A convert|600|ft|m|sing=on high escarpment extends south eastwards from the Egyptian-Libyan border at the coast at Salum (or Sollum), with the scarp slope facing into Egypt. Halfaya Pass is about two miles (3 km) inland from the Mediterranean and provides a natural route through.

World War II

In World War II, the engineered route up the escarpment had been destroyed and the pass had great strategic importance. The only ways westwards into Libya were to assault the pass or to out-flank it to the south.

After the defeat of the Italian 10th Army on 7 February 1941 during Operation Compass, the Italians were reinforced by German units (Afrika Korps under Erwin Rommel) and the British forces were forced out of Libya, leaving a besieged garrison at Tobruk. On April 14, Rommel's main force reached Sollum on the Egyptian border and occupied the Halfaya Pass. There were several allied attempts to recapture the Halfaya Pass and relieve Tobruk.

The first attempt on May 15, was Operation Brevity. Rommel counter-attacked: the British withdrew and by May 27 the Germans had recaptured Halfaya Pass. Supply shortages obliged the Germans to curtail their advance, so they dug in and fortified their positions at Halfaya with 88 millimetre guns. This was the anchor for the Axis positions, which opposed the Allied forces during the next allied attack - Operation Battleaxe on 15 June. German armour was deployed to draw the British tanks (11th Hussars)Fact|date=May 2008 onto the concealed 88 mm guns and the first wave was cut down in a few minutes (11 out of 12 tanks were destroyed), earning the pass the nickname "Hellfire Pass". The allied commander, Major Miles, was last heard on the radio reporting, "They are tearing my tanks apart."

The third attempt, Operation Crusader opened on November 18, with a direct attack on Halfaya Pass and an attempt to outflank Rommel to the south and relieve Tobruk. This was done on November 29. Rommel, now under pressure, withdrew to El Agheila.