Quark star

A quark star or strange star is a hypothetical type of exotic star composed of quark matter, or strange matter. These are ultra-dense phases of degenerate matter theorized to form inside particularly massive neutron stars.

It is theorized that when the neutron-degenerate matter which makes up a neutron star is put under sufficient pressure due to the star's gravity, the individual neutrons break down into their constituent quarks, up quarks and down quarks. Some of these quarks may then become strange quarks and form strange matter. The star then becomes known as a "quark star" or "strange star", similar to a single gigantic hadron (but bound by gravity rather than the strong force). Quark matter/strange matter is one candidate for the theoretical dark matter that is a feature of several cosmological theories.

Quark star

A quark star may be formed from a neutron star through a process called quark deconfinement. This process may produce a quark nova. The resultant star should have free quarks in its interior. The deconfinement process should release immense amounts of energy, perhaps being the most energetic explosions in existence. It may be that gamma ray bursts are indeed quark-novae. A quark star lies between neutron stars and black holes in terms of both mass and density, and if sufficient additional matter is added to a quark star, it will collapse into a black hole.

Neutron stars with masses of 1.5–1.8 solar masses with rapid spin are theoretically the best candidates for conversion. This amounts to 1% of the projected neutron star population. An extrapolation based on this indicates that up to 2 quark-novae may occur in the observable universe each day.

Theoretically quark stars may be radio quiet, so radio-quiet neutron stars may be quark stars.

trange star

Recent theoretical research has found mechanisms by which quark stars with "strange quark nuggets" may decrease the objects' electric fields and densities from previous theoretical expectations, causing such stars to appear very much like—nearly indistinguishable from—neutron stars [P. Jaikumar, S. Reddy, A. Steiner, "The Strange Star Surface: A Crust with Nuggets", Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 041101 (2006) [http://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0507055 arXiv:nucl-th/0507055] ] . However, the team made some fundamental assumptions that led to uncertainties in their theory large enough that the case for it is not yet solid. More research, both observational and theoretical, remains to be done on strange stars in the future.

Other theoretical work M. Alford, K. Rajagopal, S. Reddy, A. Steiner, "The Stability of Strange Star Crusts and Strangelets", Phys. Rev. D73 114016 (2006) [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0604134 arXiv:hep-ph/0604134] ] contends that, "A sharp interface between quark matter and the vacuum would have very different properties from the surface of a neutron star"; and, addressing key parameters like surface tension and electrical forces that were neglected in the original study, the results show that as long as the surface tension is below a low critical value, the large strangelets are indeed unstable to fragmentation and strange stars naturally come with complex strangelet crusts, analogous to those of neutron stars.

Other theorized quark formations

* Jaffe 1977, suggested a four-quark state with strangeness (qsqs).
* Jaffe 1977 suggested the H dibaryon, a six-quark state with equal numbers of up-, down-, and strange quarks (represented as uuddss or udsuds).
* Bound multi-quark systems with heavy quarks (QQqq).
* In 1987, a pentaquark state was first proposed with a charm anti-quark (qqqsc).
* Pentaquark state with an antistrange quark & four light quarks consisting of up- and down-quarks only (qqqqs).
* Light pentaquarks are grouped within an antidecuplet, the lightest candidate, Ө⁺.
** This can also be described by the diquark model of Jaffe and Wilczek (QCD).
* Ө⁺⁺ & antiparticle Ө⁻⁻.
* Doubly strange pentaquark (ssddu), member of the light pentaquark antidecuplet.
* Charmed pentaquark Ө_c(3100) (uuddc) state was detected by the H1 collaborationFact|date=July 2008.

Observed overdense neutron stars

Quark stars and strange stars are largely hypothetical at this point, but observations released by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory on April 10 2002 detected two candidates, designated RX J1856.5-3754 and 3C58, which had previously been thought to be neutron stars. Based on the known laws of physics, the former appeared much smaller and the latter much colder than it should be, suggesting that they are composed of material denser than neutron-degenerate matter. However, these observations have been under attack by researchers who say the results were not conclusiveFact|date=June 2008Fact|date=September 2008 ; it remains to be seen how the question of quark star or strange star existence will play out.Recently a third star, XTE J1739-285, [ [http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn11221?DCMP=NLC-nletter&nsref=dn11221 Fastest spinning star may have exotic heart - space - 20 February 2007 - New Scientist Space ] ] has been observed by a team led by Philip Kaaret of the University of Iowa, and also reported as a possible candidate.

Recent observations of supernovae SN2006gy, SN2005gj and SN2005ap also point to the possible existence of quark stars. [ [http://astronomynow.com/080604Secondsupernovaepointtoquarkstars.html Astronomy Now Online - Second Supernovae Point to Quark Stars] ]

ee also

* Quark-nova
* QCD matter
* Quark-gluon plasma
* Quantum chromodynamics
* Neutron stars - neutron matter - neutron-degenerate matter - neutron
* Preon stars - preon matter - preon-degenerate matter - preon
* deconfinement
* Fuzzballs
* Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit on the mass of a Neutron star.

External links

* [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v38/i5/p195_1 Perhaps a Stable Dihyperon] Subscription or purchase required
* [http://chandra.harvard.edu/resources/illustrations/neutronstars_4.html Neutron Star/Quark Star Interior (image to print)]
* [http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020408/full/020408-8.html Quark star glimmers] , "Nature", April 11, 2002.
* [http://www.cerncourier.com/main/article/42/5/10 Debate sparked on quark stars] , "CERN Courier" 42, #5.
* [http://www.popsci.com/popsci/aviationspace/a6885b4a1db84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html Wish Upon a Quark Star] , Paul Beck, "Popular Science", June 2002.
* [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0204159 Is RX J185635-375 a Quark Star?] , J. J. Drake et al., arXiv, astro-ph/0204159.
* [http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=445 Curious About Astronomy: What process would bring about a quark star?]
* [http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020414.html RX J185635-375: Candidate Quark Star] , Astronomy Picture of the Day, April 14, 2002.
* [http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,51943-2,00.html Quarks or Quirky Neutron Stars?] , Mark K. Anderson, "Wired News", April 19, 2002.
* [http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/020412a.html Strange Quark Stars] , Ask an Astrophysicist, question submitted April 12, 2002.
* [http://www.physorg.com/news10646.html Seeing "Strange" Stars] , physorg.com, February 8, 2006.
* [http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Quark_Stars_Could_Produce_Biggest_Bang.html Quark Stars Could Produce Biggest Bang] , spacedaily.com, June 7, 2006.
* [http://www.capca.ucalgary.ca/~bniebergal/webPHP/research.php?subdir=strangeQuarkStars Meissner Effect in Strange Quark Stars] , Brian Niebergal, web page, University of Calgary.
* [http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0608317 Strange Exotic States and Compact Stars] , Irina Sagert, Mirjam Wietoska, and Jurgen Schaffner-Bielich; arXiv, astro-ph/0608317.
* [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080603-aas-neutron-quark.html Quark Stars Involved in New Theory of Brightest Supernovae] - The first-ever evidence of a neutron star collapsing into a quark star is announced, "Space.com", 3 June 2008

References