James Stephen

James Stephen (30 June 1758 – 10 October 1832) was the principal English lawyer associated with the abolitionist movement.

James Stephen was born in Poole, Dorset; the family home later being removed to Stoke Newington. He married twice and was the father of Sir James Stephen (1789–1859) [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020439b.htm] , and grandfather of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen and Sir Leslie Stephen.

Early life

James Stephen began his career reporting on parliamentary proceedings. Later he held an official post in the Caribbean at St. Kitts; at that time a British colony. During a visit to Barbados he witnessed the trial of four black slaves for murder. The trial, which found the men guilty as charged, was considered by many to be a grave miscarriage of justice. The men were sentenced to death by burning, and Stephens' revulsion at both the trial and the verdict led him to vow never to keep slaves himself, and to ally himself with the abolitionist movement. He opposed the opening up of Trinidad through the use of slave labour when ceded to the British in 1797, recommending instead that Crown land should only be granted for estates that supported the immigration of free Africans. He considered that, besides the evangelical arguments in support of freedom from slavery, internal security, particularly from potential French interests, could be obtained in the British West Indian Islands by improving the conditions of slaves.

Stephen was a skilled lawyer whose specialty was the laws governing Great Britain's foreign trade. He was a defender of the mercantilist system of government-licensed controlled trade. In October, 1805 – the same month that the British fleet under Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet – his book appeared: "War in Disguise; or, the Frauds of the Neutral Flags". It called for the abolition of neutral nations' carrying trade, meaning America's carrying trade, between France's Caribbean islands and Europe, including Great Britain. Stephen's arguments two years later became the basis of Great Britain's Orders in Council, which placed restrictions on American vessels. The enforcement of this law by British warships eventually led to the War of 1812, even though the Orders were repealed in the same month that America declared war, unbeknown to the American Congress.

Abolitionist

James Stephen's second marriage was to Sarah, sister of William Wilberforce, in 1800, and through this connection he became frequently acquainted with many of the figures in the anti-slavery movement. Several of his friendships amongst the abolitionists were made in Clapham (home to the "Clapham Sect") where he had removed from Sloane Square in 1797; also in the village of Stoke Newington a few miles north of London, where James Stephen's father leased a family home from 1774 onwards called "Summerhouse". The property adjoined "Fleetwood House" and "Abney House" at Abney Park and stood where Summerhouse Road is built today. Close by were the residences of three prominent Quaker abolitionists: William Allen (1770–1843), Joseph Woods the elder, and Samuel Hoare the younger (1751–1825). The latter two were founder members of the predecessor body to the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.

Anna Letitia Barbauld, author of "An Epistle to William Wilberforce" (1791) also came to live in Stoke Newington in 1802. Inevitably, Wilberforce also became a frequent visitor to Stoke Newington, combining meetings with William Allen and his Quaker circle with visits to his sister Sarah and brother-in-law James.

James Stephen came to be regarded as the chief architect of the 1807 Slave Trade Abolition Act, providing William Wilberforce with the legal mastermind he needed for its drafting. To close off loopholes pointed out by some critics, he became a Director of the Africa Institution for the Registration of Slaves through which he advocated a centralized registry, administered by the British government, which would furnish precise statistics on all slave births, deaths, and sale, so that "any unregistered black would be presumed free". Though he introduced many successful ideas to strengthen the legal success of the abolitionist cause, this mechanism which was, he believed, "the only effective means to prevent British colonists from illicitly importing African slaves" was never taken up. His last public engagement was a speaking engagement at a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society at Exeter Hall in 1832.

Member of Parliament

From 1808 to 1815 James Stephen became an MP, and in 1811 Master in Chancery. In 1826 he issued "An Address to the People and Electors of England", in which, echoing his speeches, he had some success in urging the election of Members of Parliament who would not be "tools of the West India interest", paving the way for the second Abolition Bill which succeeded in 1833.

Death & Memorial

James' second wife, Sarah, died in 1816. Her niece Barbara Wilberforce died in 1821, and in 1832 James himself died. All three are buried at St Mary's churchyard, Stoke Newington, London, along with James' first wife, his mother and father and two of his infant daughters.

Three sons from James' first marriage (m. Anna Stent at St Leonard, Shoreditch 1783) survived him, and achieved prominence in law, abolition and the civil service - James Stephen (1789-1859), Henry John Stephen (1787-1864), and George Stephen (1794-1879).

ee also

Works
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=OrYNAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=James+Stephen"The Slavery of the British West Indies"] (1824)
*"The Crisis of the Sugar Colonies" (1802)
*"Reasons for Establishing a Registry of Slaves" (1815)
*"An Inquiry Into the Right and Duty of Compelling Spain to Relinquish Her Slave Trade in Northern Africa" (1816)
*"England Enslaved by Her Own Slave Colonies: An Address to the People and Electors of England" (1826)