- William Allen (Quaker)
Infobox revolution biography
name=William Allen
lived=
dateofbirth=August 29 ,1770
placeofbirth=Spitalfields ,London cite web | year = 2007 | url = http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/quasho.htm#WilliamAllen| title = William Allen| format = HTML | publisher = mdx.ac.uk| accessdate = 2007-07-21 | last= ]
dateofdeath=death date and age|1843|09|30|1770|08|29
placeofdeath=Stoke Newington ,London
caption=William Allen
alternate name=
movement=abolitionist Quaker s
organizations=
monuments=
prizes=
religion=Quaker
footnotes=William Allen FRS, FLS (
August 29 ,1770 –September 30 ,1843 ) was an English scientist andphilanthropist who opposed slavery and engaged in schemes of social and penal improvement in early nineteenth centuryEngland .Early life
William Allen was the eldest son of devout
Quaker s Job and Margaret Allen. They were a well-to-do family, Job earning his wealth as asilk manufacturer . As a young man, in the 1790s, William Allen became interested in science. He attended meetings of various scientific societies, including lectures at St. Thomas's Hospital and Guy's Hospital, becoming a member of 'The Chemical Society' of the latter establishment.In the first year of the new century, William Allen's father died, and the family silk business was thereafter managed by his father's assistant. This left William free to grow his own business in the field of pharmacycite web | year = 2007 | url = http://www.stokenewingtonquakers.org.uk/nbhist1.html| title = stoke newington quakers| format = HTML | publisher = stokenewingtonquakers| accessdate = 2007-07-21 | last= ] , gradually becoming independent and establishing his own business. In 1802 he was elected a Fellow of the
Linnean Society and lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. A year later he was made president of the 'Physical Society' at Guy's, and on the advice ofHumphry Davy andJohn Dalton also accepted an invitation from theRoyal Institution to become one of its lecturers.In 1807, Allen's original research (on carbon) enabled him to be successfully proposed for election to Fellowship of the Royal Society, bringing him into contact with those who were publishing much of the original scientific research of the day. This strengthened his ties with the eminent
Humphry Davy , and in due course with his longstanding friendLuke Howard who was likewise elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society, though some years later.Pharmacy
William Allen was known in commerce for his pharmaceutical company "Plough Court". Situated off Lombard Street in the heart of the City of London, and founded by the Quaker scientist
Silvanus Bevan , it eventually grew into one of the UK's largest pharmaceutical companies:Allen & Hanburys . The company was acquired in 1958 by Glaxo Laboratories, who retained 'Allen and Hanburys' as a separate marque within the GSK group.In 1841 William Allen co-founded the The Pharmaceutical Society, which later became "The Royal Pharamaceutical Society". Its first president was William Allen.
Allen's involvement with the Plough Court Pharmacy began in the 1790s when he began working there for Samuel Mildred. Already a thriving business in the City of London, with the arms of the Apothecaries Company emblazoned on its window, it continued to prosper and William Allen was offered a partnership; the company thereafter trading for a while under the name "Mildred and Allen". William Allen strengthened the company's links with medical institutions, particularly Guy's Hospital where he was elected to its 'Physical Society'. Meanwhile, using the facilities at Plough Court for meetings, he was able to broaden such associations further by co-founding the
Askesian Society through which new ideas for research and experimentation could be discussed with others such asLuke Howard , Joseph Fox, W.H.Pepys, Dr Babington, and the eminent surgeon SirAstley Cooper . In 1797 William Allen invitedLuke Howard to formally collaborate with him at the Plough Court Pharmacy, the business becoming known as "Allen and Howard" to reflect this partnership. As the business expanded, a second laboratory was opened for the development of new chemicals, a few miles from the company's City of London headquarters, in Plaistow.Philanthropic and educational work
William Allen's philanthropic work was closley allied to his religious revivalist beliefs, and began at an early age. As the eighteenth century drew to a close, his concerns about the effects of a local famine, led to him opening a 'soup society'. Later his interest in agricultural experiments was also aimed improving the nutrition and diet of ordinary people susceptible to food shortages. Using only small plots, he carried out trials at Lordship Lane in
Stoke Newington , and later put into practice some of his findings at the model agricultural settlement ofLindfield that he helped establish.His self sufficient settlement was described in detail in his pamphlet "Colonies at Home", where he stated "instead of encouraging emigration at enormous expense per head let the money be applied to the establishment of Colonies at Home and the increase of our national strength". To the people of the time (1820s) the known colonies were in the Americas so the whole area became known as "America". This identity remains in the local street names and people's memories of the cottages in what is now America Lane. [http://www.rediscoveringamerica.org.uk]
William Allen's other philanthopic interest was education. He became greatly influenced by the ideas of
Joseph Lancaster . In 1810 William Allen became treasurer of theRoyal Lancastrian Society , whose aim was to open progressive schools in England and abroad. It was renamed the "British and Foreign School Society" in 1814, when Allen was again its treasurer. From 1824 to 1838 William Allen ran a novel Quaker school for girls at Fleetwood House and in its park-like grounds at Stoke Newington, now part ofAbney Park Cemetery . Here he was able to ensure the girls were taught the new sciences as well as conventional subjects. The school also introduced the first school bus in the world, a Shillibeer.In 1811 William Allen, with the support of
James Mill , started a publication entitled the "Philanthropist". It published articles by Mill and byJeremy Bentham . In 1816 he became a founding member of thePeace Society , a political development from his longstanding Quaker pacificism. From 1818-1820 he toured Europe with the Quaker evangelistStephen Grellet .Abolition of slavery
In 1805, after some years of assisting the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, William Allen was elected a 'Committee Member'.
The society had always been strongly influenced by the "Friends", and particularly by London-based Quakers. All the members of its predecessor committee (1783-7) had been Quakers, and nine of the twelve founders of the subsequent non-denominational 'Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade' were Quakers, including two - Samuel Hoare Jr and Joseph Woods Sr (father of the botanist Joseph Woods Jr) - who lived close to William Allen in
Stoke Newington , the village near London where Allen had family interests after his second marriage in 1806.Perhaps the best known committee member of the new non-denominational abolition society, founded in 1787, was
William Wilberforce , who, unlike its Quaker members, was eligible as anAnglican to be elected to, and sit in, the House of Commons. Wilberforce visited William Allen at his experimental gardens inStoke Newington on several occasions in his role as the Society's parliamentary representative. He had long been familiar with the village, owing to residence there of his brother-in-law James Stephens' father at "Summerhouse" - a large house adjoiningAbney Park in the very grounds of the mansion that later, in the 1820s, was to become William Allen's novel girls' school.William Allen was also a founder member and a Director of the "African Institution"; the successor body to the
Sierra Leone Company , sponsored by philanthropists to establish a colony inWest Africa for slaves freed on a voluntary basis, through the abolitionists' efforts, in America. The work of the successor body began in 1808, when the colony had been handed to the Crown in return for the British Parliament passing legislation for its protection at about the same time as the passing in 1807 of the Act for the abolition of the slave trade.William Allen's active interest in the abolitionist cause continued until his death. In the mid 1830s he was passionate about abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and achieving the complete freedom of African-Caribbean people on 1 August 1838. His biographer James Sherman records, 'the apprenticeship clause in the Bill... had been greatly abused by the planters. Mr Allen was indefatigable in his efforts, by interviews with Ministers and official persons.. His account of the spirit-stirring time is graphic:', : "The cruelty and oppression of the planters of Jamaica, as exercised on those poor sufferers, whose redemption from slavery we have paid twenty millions, has been exposed in the face of day. The West Indies in 1837, the result of personal investigation by our friend Joseph Sturge, has created a great sensation... The Anti Slavery Associations in all quarters are in a high degree of excitement, and petitions are loading the tables of both Houses of Parliament, begging for the abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and the complete establishment of freedom...on the 1st of Eight Month, 1838."In 1839 William Allen became a founding Committee Member of the "British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society for the Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade Throughout the World", which is today known as
Anti-Slavery International . In this role he was an organiser of, and delegate to, the world's first Anti-slavery convention, which was held in London in 1840 - an event depicted in a large painting byBenjamin Haydon that hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London.Family life
William Allen married Mary Hamilton in 1796, and his daughter (also named Mary) was born. Unfortunately, Mrs Allen did not recover from the childbirth, and died just two days later.
In 1806 William Allen married for the second time. His new wife, Charlotte Hanbury of
Stoke Newington was the daughter of a similarly affluent Quaker family. The marriage led to a longstanding association between William Allen andStoke Newington . The couple visited the continent in 1816, but Charlotte died during their travels, leaving him to bring up his daughter Mary. Tragedy struck again in 1823, when Allen's daughter Mary (recently married to Cornelius Hanbury) gave birth to a son but died just nine days later.William Allen married for the third time in 1827. This marriage was the subject of public comment, since his betrothed - Grizell Birbeck (formerly Grizell Hoare of Stoke Newington) - was an elderly Quaker widow. A satirical cartoon was published by
Robert Cruikshank (brother of the more famous George) depicting Allen and his elderly fiancee in 'Newington Nunnery' the novel Quaker girls' school of which he was so proud. This marriage was as tragic as his first two, for Allen's wife Grizell died in 1835, leaving him single for a third time. However, he had a large circle of friends, and was able to afford to travel extensively. In 1840, for example, he travelled for five months across Europe withElizabeth Fry andSamuel Gurney .Death and memorial
William Allen died on September 30, 1843 and was buried in
Stoke Newington , London, in the grounds of the Yoakley Road Quaker Meeting House. Today this has been replaced by a Seventh Day Adventist chapel, the other half of its grounds becoming a small Council-maintained park for the nearby public housing estate.ources and further reading
*
* Doncaster, Hugh (1965) 'Friends of Humanity: with special reference to the Quaker William Allen', London: Dr William's Trust
*cite book | last = Desmond Chapman-Huston| first = | authorlink = | title = Through a city archway: The story of Allen and Hanburys 1715-1954| series = | year = 1954 | publisher = J.Murray| isbn= |asin=B0000CIZI9
*cite book | last = Shirren | first =Adam John | authorlink = | title = The chronicles of Fleetwood House| series = | year = 1951 | publisher = A.J. Shirren, London| isbn= |asin=B0000CI4TTReferences
Persondata
NAME= Allen, William
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=
DATE OF BIRTH=August 29 ,1770
PLACE OF BIRTH=Spitalfields ,London
DATE OF DEATH=1843-09-30
PLACE OF DEATH=Stoke Newington ,London
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