House Martin

Taxobox
name = House Martin
image_caption = At an official bird ringing station
status = LC
status_system = iucn3.1
status_ref = cite web | title =Northern House-martin - BirdLife Species Factsheet | publisher =BirdLife International | url = http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=7150&m=0 | accessdate = 2007-11-15]

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image_width = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Hirundinidae
genus = "Delichon"
species = "D. urbicum"
binomial = "Delichon urbicum"Sangster, George; Collinson, J. Martin; Helbig, Andreas J; Knox, Alan G; Parkin, David T. (2004) " [http://www.bou.org.uk/blchanges031218.pdf Taxonomic recommendations for British birds: second report] " "Ibis" (2004), 146, pp153–157]
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)
range_

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range_map_width = 250px
range_map_caption = Yellow – breeding range
Blue – wintering range
synonyms = "Hirundo urbica" Linnaeus, 1758

The House Martin ("Delichon urbicum"), sometimes called the Northern House Martin or Common House Martin, is a migratory passerine bird of the swallow family which breeds in Europe, north Africa and temperate Asia; and winters in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Asia. It feeds on insects which are caught in flight, and it migrates to climates where flying insects are plentiful. It has a blue head and upperparts, white rump and pure white underparts, and is found in both open country and near human habitation. It is similar in appearance to the two other martin species of the "Delichon" genus, which are both endemic to eastern and southern Asia. It has two accepted subspecies.

Both the scientific and colloquial name of the bird are related to its use of man-made structures. It builds a closed cup nest from mud pellets under eaves or similar locations on buildings usually in colonies, but sometimes fouling below nests can be a problem.

It is hunted by the Eurasian Hobby ("Falco subbuteo"), and like other birds is affected by internal parasites and external fleas and mites, but its large range and population mean that it is not threatened globally. Its proximity to man is generally accepted leading to some cultural and literary references.

Taxonomy

The House Martin was first described by Linnaeus in his "Systema Naturae" in 1758 as "Hirundo urbica", [cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=C | authorlink=Carolus Linnaeus | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. |quote = H. rectricibus immaculatis, dorso nîgro-caerulescente | publisher=Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). |language = Latin | year=1758| pages= p192] but was placed in its current genus "Delichon" by Thomas Horsfield and Frederic Moore in 1854.cite web|title= ITIS Standard Report Page: Delichon|work= |url= http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178444|publisher= The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)|accessdate=2008-01-23] "Delichon" is an anagram of the Ancient Greek term "χελιδών" ("chelīdōn"), meaning 'swallow',cite web|title= House Martin "Delichon urbicum" (Linnaeus, 1758)|work= Bird facts |url= http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob10010.htm|publisher=British Trust for Ornithology |accessdate=2008-01-24] and the species name "urbicum" ("urbica" until 2004, due to a misunderstanding of Latin grammar) means 'of the town' in Latin.

The "Delichon" genus is a recent divergence from the Barn Swallow genus "Hirundo", and its three members are similar in appearance with blue upperparts, a contrasting white-rump, and whitish underparts. In the past, the House Martin was sometimes considered to be conspecific with the Asian House Martin ("D. dasypus"), which breeds in the mountains of central and eastern Asia and winters in Southeast Asia, and it also closely resembles the Nepal House Martin ("D. nipalense"), a resident in the mountains of southern Asia. Although the three "Delichon" martins are similar in appearance, only "D. urbicum" has a pure white rump and underparts.

The House Martin has two geographical subspecies, the western nominate subspecies "D. u. urbicum", and the eastern "D. u. lagopodum", which was described by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1811. Other races, like "meridionalis" from around the Mediterranean have been described, but the claimed differences from the nominate race are clinal, and therefore probably invalid.

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

The subspecies "D. u. urbicum" breeds across temperate Eurasia east to central Mongolia and the Yenisei River, and in Morocco, Tunisia and northern Algeria, and migrates on a broad front to winter in sub-Saharan Africa. "D. u. lagopodum" breeds eastwards of the Yenisei to Kolyma and south to northern Mongolia and northern China; it winters in southern China and Southeast Asia.cite book |title=Swallows & Martins: an identification guide and handbook |last=Turner |first=Angela K |coauthors= Rose, Chris |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location = Boston, Massachusetts, US |year=1989 |id=ISBN 0-395-51174-7 pp226–233]

Habitat

The preferred habitat of the House Martin is open country with low vegetation, such as pasture, meadows and farmland, and preferably near water, although it is also found in mountains up to at least 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) altitude. It is much more urban than the Barn Swallow, and will nest even in city centres if the air is clean enough. It is more likely to be found near trees than other Eurasian swallows, since they provide insect food and also roosting sites. This species does not normally use the reed-bed roosts favoured by migrating Barn Swallows.cite book | last = Mullarney | first = Killian | coauthors= Svensson, Lars; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter |title = Collins Bird Guide | year = 1999 | publisher = Collins |page = p242 |isbn = 0-00-219728-6] cite web | last = Pilastro|first = Andrea |url =http://www.euring.org/about_euring/newsletter2/euring_swallows_italy.htm |title = The Euring swallow project in Italy |work =Euring Newsletter - Volume 2, December 1998 |publisher = Euring]

It uses similar open habitats on the wintering grounds, but the House Martin is less conspicuous than wintering Barn Swallows, tending to fly higher and be more nomadic. In the tropical parts of its wintering range, like East Africa and Thailand, it appears to be mainly found in the higher areas.cite book | last = Lekagul | first = Boonsong | coauthors= Round, Philip |title = A Guide to the Birds of Thailand | year = 1991 | publisher = Saha Karn Baet | isbn = 9748567362 p236] cite book | last = Robson | first = Craig | coauthors= |title = A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand | year = 2004 | publisher = New Holland Press |page =p206| isbn = 1843309211 ]

Migration

The House Martin is a migrant which moves on a broad-front (i.e. European birds are not funnelled through the short sea crossings used by large soaring birds, but cross the Mediterranean and Sahara).cite journal|last= Gordo |first= Oscar |coauthors= Brotons ,Lluís; Ferrer, Xavier; Comas, Pere |month= January |year=2005 |title= Do changes in climate patterns in wintering areas affect the timing of the spring arrival of trans-Saharan migrant birds? |journal= Global Change Biology |volume= 11|issue= 1|pages=12–21 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00875.x |doi_brokendate= ] While migrating they feed in the air on insects, and they generally travel in daylight, although some birds may move at night.Kube, Jan 1; Kjellén Nils; Bellebaum, Jochen 1; Klein, Ronald; Wendeln, Helmut: " [http://www.ifv.terramare.de/ESF/ESF_final/Poster/Kube_Poster.pdf How many diurnal migrants cross the Baltic Sea at night?] " "Instituts für Vogelforschung Poster."] Migration brings its own hazards; in 1974, several hundred thousand birds of this species were found dead or dying in the Swiss Alps and surrounding areas, caught by heavy snowfall and low temperatures. Adult survival on autumn migration depends mainly on temperature, with precipitation another major factor, but for juveniles low temperatures during the breeding season are more critical. It is anticipated that since extreme weather is predicted to become more frequent with climate change, future survival rates will depend more on adverse weather conditions than at present.cite journal|last= Stokke |first= Bård G |coauthors= Møller, Anders Pape; Sæther, Bernt-Erik; Rheinwald, Goetz; Gutscher, Hans |month= April |year=2005 |title= [http://www.bio.ntnu.no/svfelles/Stokke_et-al-Auk.pdf Weather in the breeding area and during migration affects the demography of a small long-distance passerine migrant] | journal= The Auk |volume= 122|issue=2 |pages= pp637–647 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122 [0637:WITBAA] 2.0.CO;2 |doi_brokendate= ]

The House Martin returns to the breeding grounds a few days after the first Barn Swallows; like that species, particularly when the weather is poor, it seldom goes straight to the nesting sites, but hunts for food over large fresh water bodies. There are records of migrant House Martins staying to breed in Namibia and South Africa instead of returning north.cite book |title=SASOL Birds of Southern Africa |last= Sinclair |first=Ian |coauthors= Hockey, Phil; Tarboton, Warwick |publisher=Struik|year=2002 |id= ISBN 1-86872-721-1| page = p296 ] As would be expected for a long distance migrant, it has occurred as a vagrant eastwards to Alaska and west to Newfoundland, Bermuda and the Azores.cite book | last = Sibley | first = David | title = The North American Bird Guide | year = 2000 |publisher = Pica Press | id = ISBN 1-873403-78-4|page =p322 ]

Description

The adult House Martin of the western nominate race is 13 centimetres (5.1 in) long, with a wing span of 26–29 centimetres (10.2–11.4 in) and a weight averaging 18.3 grammes (0.65 oz). It is steel-blue above with a white rump, and white underparts, including the underwings; even its short legs have white downy feathering. It has brown eyes and a small black bill, and its toes and exposed parts of the legs are pink. The sexes are similar, but the juvenile bird is sooty black, and some of its wing coverts and quills have white tips and edgings. "D. u. lagopodum" differs from the nominate race in that its white rump extends much further onto the tail, and the fork of its tail is intermediate in depth between that of "D. u. urbicum" and that of the Asian House Martin.

The white rump and underparts of the House Martin, very noticeable in flight, prevent confusion with other widespread Palaeoarctic swallows such as the Barn Swallow ("Hirundo rustica"), Sand Martin ("Riparia riparia") or Red-rumped Swallow ("Cecropis daurica"). In Africa, confusion with Grey-rumped Swallow ("Pseudhirundo griseopyga") is possible, but that species has a grey rump, off-white underparts and long, deeply forked tail. The House Martin flies with a wing beat averaging 5.3 beats per second, which is faster than the wing beat of 4.4 beats per second for the Barn Swallow.cite journal|last= Liechti |first= Felix |coauthors= Bruderer, Lukas |month= |year=2002 |url= http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/205/16/2461| publisher = The Company of Biologists |title = Wingbeat frequency of barn swallows and house martins: a comparison between free flight and wind tunnel experiments|journal= The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume= 205|issue= |pages= pp2461–2467 ]

The House Martin is a noisy species, especially at its breeding colonies. The male's song, given throughout the year, is a soft twitter of melodious chirps. The contact call, also given on the wintering grounds, is a hard "chirrrp", and the alarm is a shrill "tseep".

Behaviour

Breeding

The House Martin was originally a cliff and cave nester, and some cliff-nesting colonies still exist, with the nests built below an overhanging rock. It now largely uses human structures such as bridges and houses. Unlike the Barn Swallow, it uses the outside of inhabited buildings, rather than the inside of barns or stables. The nests are built at the junction of a vertical surface and an overhang, such as on house eaves, so that they may be strengthened by attachment to both planes.

Breeding birds return to Europe between April and May, and nest building starts between late March in North Africa and mid-June in Lapland. The nest is a neat closed convex cup fixed below a suitable ledge, with a narrow opening at the top. It is constructed by both sexes with mud pellets collected in their beaks, and lined with grasses, hair or other soft materials. The mud, added in successive layers, is collected from ponds, streams or puddles. House Sparrows frequently attempt take over the nest during construction, with the House Martins rebuilding elsewhere if they are successful. The entrance at the top of the cup is so small that the sparrows cannot take over the nest once it is complete.cite book | last = Coward | first = Thomas Alfred| coauthors= |title = The Birds of the British Isles and Their Eggs (two volumes)| year = 1930| publisher = Frederick Warne | isbn = Third edition, volume 2, pp252–254]

The House Martin tends to breed colonially, and nests may be built in contact with each other. A colony size of less than 10 nests is typical, but there are records of colonies with thousands of nests. Four or five white eggs are usually laid, which average 1.9 x 1.33 centimetres (0.75 x 0.52 in) in size, and weigh 1.7 grammes (0.06 oz). The female does most of the incubation, which normally lasts 14-16 days. The newly hatched chicks are altricial, and after a further 22–32 days, depending on weather, the chicks leave the nest. The fledged young stay with, and are fed by, the parents for about a week after leaving the nest. Occasionally, first-year birds from the first brood will assist in feeding the second brood.

There are normally two broods each year, the nest being reused for the second brood, and repaired and used again in subsequent years. Hatching success is 90%, and fledging survival 60–80%. Average mortality for the adult is 40–70%. Third broods are not uncommon, though late nestlings are often left to starve. Although individuals aged 10 and 14 years have been recorded, most survive less than five years. For weeks after leaving the nest the young congregate in ever-increasing flocks which, as the season advances, may be seen gathering in trees or on housetops, or on the wires with Swallows. By the end of October, most Martins have left their breeding areas in western and central Europe, though late birds in November and December are not uncommon, and further south migration finishes later anyway.

Once established, pairs remain together to breed for life; however, extra-pair copulations are common, making this species genetically polygamous, despite being socially monogamous. A Scottish study showed that 15% of nestlings were not related to their putative fathers, and 32% of broods contained at least one extra-pair chick. Extra-pair males, usually from nests where laying had already taken place, were often seen to enter other nests. The paired male initially ensured that his female spent little time alone at the nest, and accompanied her on flights, but the mate-guarding slackened after egg laying began, so the youngest nestling was the most likely to have a different father.cite journal|last= Riley |first= Helen T.|coauthors= Bryant, David M; Carter, Royston E; Parkin, David T. |month= February |year=1995 |title= Extra-pair fertilizations and paternity defence in house martins, "Delichon urbica" |journal= Animal Behaviour |volume= 49 |issue= 2 |pages= pp495–509| doi = 10.1006/anbe.1995.0065 |doi_brokendate= ]

The House Martin has been regularly recorded as hybridising with the Barn Swallow, this being one of the most common passerine interspecific crosses.Møller, Anders Pape; Gregersen, Jens (illustrator) (1994) "Sexual Selection and the Barn Swallow". Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0198540280 [http://books.google.com/books?id=qPh3kmnYG5MC&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=barn+swallow+mobbing&source=web&ots=OgFPsh7qrn&sig=l3WxmkKguTiniShgofWKs7YuvTI#PPA245,M1 Full text] ] The frequency of this hybrid has led to suggestions that "Delichon" is not sufficiently separated genetically from "Hirundo" to be considered a separate genus.

Diet

The House Martin is similar in habits to other aerial insectivores, including other swallows and martins and the unrelated swifts, and catches insects in flight. In the breeding areas, flies and aphids make up much of the diet, and in Europe, the House Martin takes a larger proportion of aphids and small flies than the Barn Swallow. As with that species, Hymenoptera, especially flying ants, are important food items in the wintering area. This species hunts at an average height of 21 metres (70 ft) during the breeding season, but lower in wet conditions. The hunting grounds are typically within 450 metres (1,500 ft) of the nest, with a preference for open ground or water, the latter especially in poor weather, but the martins will also follow the plough or large animals to catch disturbed insects. On the wintering grounds, hunting takes place at a greater height of over 50 metres (165 ft).

Predators and parasites

Although the House Martin is hunted by the Hobby ("Falco subbuteo"), its aerial skills enable it to evade most predators. It is most vulnerable when collecting mud from the ground. This has therefore become a communal activity, with a group of birds descending suddenly on a patch of mud.cite web |url = http://www.birdguides.com/species/species.asp?sp=117070 |title = Birdguides: House Martin page |publisher = BirdGuides | accessdaymonth =22 November |accessyear = 2007] It is parasitised externally by fleas and mites, including the "House Martin Flea", "Ceratophyllus hirundinis",cite web|title= The housemartin flea |work= Distribution of British fleas |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/british-flea-distribution/database/Searchpage.do?species=&fleaname=&host=68&hostname=&county=&publication=&sortorder=
Natural History Museum.|accessdate=2008-01-23] and internally by endoparasites such as "Haemoproteus prognei" (avian malaria), which are transmitted by blood-sucking insects including mosquitoes. [cite web |url = http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/weisman/index.php |title = Haemoproteus Infection in Avian Species |first = Jaime |last = Weisman |publisher = University of Georgia |year = 2007] cite journal|last=Marzal |first= Alfonso |coauthors= de Lope, Florentino; Navarro, Carlos; Møller, Anders Pape |month= |year=2005 |url= http://www.eeza.csic.es/eeza/documentos/2005-Oecologia%20(142,%20541-545).pdf |title= Malarial parasites decrease reproductive success: an experimental study in a passerine bird|journal= Oecologia |volume=142 |issue= |pages= pp541–545| doi = 10.1007/s00442-004-1757-2 |doi_brokendate= |format=PDF] A Polish study showed that nests typically contained more than 29 specimens of ectoparasite, with "C. hirundinis" and "Oeciacus hirundinis" the most abundant.cite journal|last= Kaczmarek |first= S. |coauthors= |month= |year= 1993;|title=Ectoparasites from nests of swallows "Delichon urbica" and "Hirundo rustica" collected in autumn |journal=Wiad Parazytol. |volume=39 |issue= 4 |pages= pp407–9| language = Polish ]

Conservation status

The House Martin has a large range, with an estimated global extent of 10 million square kilometres. Its European population is estimated to be 20–48 million individuals. Global population trends have not been quantified, although there is evidence of population fluctuations. cite book | last = Snow | first = David |coauthors= Perrins, Christopher M (editors)| title = The Birds of the Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes) | publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 1998| location =Oxford | isbn = 019854099X| pages =pp1066–1069] For these reasons, the species is evaluated as "least concern" on the 2007 IUCN Red List, and has no special status under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) which regulates international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants. In Europe and Britain however, population numbers indicate a declining trend, and leading conservation groups in Britain have updated the conservations status to amber indicating medium conservation concern there. [cite web |url = http://www.bto.org/psob/amberlist.htm |title = The population status of birds in the UK: Birds of Conservation Concern: 2002-2007 |publisher = British Trust for Ornithology |accessdaymonth = 28 January |accessyear = 2008] [cite web |url = http://www.bto.org/birdtrends2006/wcrhouma.htm |title = House Martin |publisher = British Trust for Ornithology |accessdaymonth = 28 January |accessyear = 2008]

This is a species which has greatly benefited historically from forest clearance creating the open habitats it prefers, and from human habitation which have both given it an abundance of safe man-made nest sites. However, populations can fluctuate locally for a number of reasons. New housing has created more nest sites, and clean air legislation has enabled breeding in the centre of major cities like London. Conversely, poor weather, poisoning by agricultural pesticides, lack of mud for nest building and competition with House Sparrows can reduce numbers. Widespread declines in House Martin numbers have been reported from central and northern Europe since 1970.cite web|title= Population trends|work= House Martin |url= http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/h/housemartin/population_changes.asp|publisher= Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|accessdate=2007-12-18] As an attractive bird which feeds on flying insects, the House Martin has usually been tolerated by humans when it shares their buildings for nesting, although the accumulation of droppings below breeding birds can be a nuisance leading to some destruction of nests.

In literature and culture

This species lacks the wealth of literary references associated with its relative, the Barn Swallow, although it is possible that some of the older mentions for that bird might equally well refer to the House Martin. William Shakespeare was clearly describing the House Martin when Banquo brings the nests and birds to the attention of Duncan at Macbeth's castle, Inverness:

"This guest of summer,
The temple-haunting martlet, does approve
By his loved mansionry that the heaven's breath
Smells wooingly here. No jutty, frieze,
Buttress, nor coign of vantage, but this bird
Hath made his pendant bed and procreant cradle;
Where they most breed and haunt, I have observed
The air is delicate." (Macbeth, Act I, scene VI).cite book | last = Cocker | first = Mark | coauthors= Mabey, Richard |title = Birds Britannica | year = 2005 | publisher = Chatto & Windus | isbn = 0701169079 pp318–9]

There are old legends, with no basis in fact, that House Martins would wall-up House Sparrows by closing the entrance of the mud nest with the intruder inside, or that they would gather en masse to kill a Sparrow.

The martlet, often believed to refer to the House Martin, or possibly a swallow, was a heraldic bird with short tufts of feathers in the place of legs.cite book | last = Shakespeare| first = William | coauthors= Brooke, Nicholas (annotator) |title = The Tragedy of Macbeth | year = 1990 | publisher =Oxford University Press | page= 115 | isbn =0192834177 ] It was the cadency mark of the fourth son of a noble family, and features in many coats of arms, including the Plantagenets.cite web |url =http://www.baronage.co.uk/1999/corner01.html |title = Curiosity Corner |publisher = Baronage.co.uk |accessdaymonth= 27 January |accessyear = 2008] The lack of feet signified its inability to land, which explained its link to a younger son, also landless. It also represented swiftness.cite book |last=Cooper |first=JC |title=Symbolic and Mythological Animals |pages=p158 |year=1992 |publisher= Aquarian Press |location=London |isbn=1-85538-118-4]

References

External links

* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=5385 House Martin videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.ibercajalav.net/img/309_HouseMartinDurbica.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta]