- Kandidat nauk
Kandidat nauk or Candidate of Sciences ( _ru. Кандидат наук) is a first post-graduate scientific degree in the former
USSR and in some Post-Soviet and East European countries, awarded for adissertation (theDoktor nauk (see alsoDoctor of Science ) is one level higher than the Kandidat). The degree was established onJanuary 13 1934 by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. It corresponded to theDoctor of Philosophy degree (Ph.D. ), existing in theUSA , theUnited Kingdom and other countriescite book|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia .|publisher=Sovetskaya Enciklopediya|edition=3rd ed.|pages=vol. 11|location=Moscow|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00032/04200.htm|language=Russian] [cite book|author=Rosy Nimroody|title=Star Wars: The Economic Fallout.|publisher=Ballinger Pub. Co.|year=1988|location=Cambridge|url=http://books.google.com/books?lr=&hl=en&q=%22candidate+of+science%22+ussr+ph.d.+%22star+wars%22+economic|id=ISBN 0887301622|pages=168] . In 1971, 249,200 scientists had the degree . In post-Soviet time it is roughly translated into thePh.D. The work on a dissertation is commonly carried out during a
postgraduate study period. [ _ru. аспирантура (aspirantura)] . It is performed either within an educational institution (such as auniversity ) or a scientific research institution (such as an institute of the Academy of Sciences network). It may be also carried out without direct relation to Academia. In exceptional cases, the Kandidat degree may be awarded on the strength of the sum of published scientific works.A necessary prerequisite is passing an examination called "candidate minimum". [ _ru. кандидатский минимум] In the
Soviet Union , the candidate minimum included exams in the speciality field of the dissertant, in a foreign language of his/her choice and inScientific Communism . In post-Soviet Russia and other post-Soviet states, the latter examination was replaced by the one inPhilosophy , and in Russia recently inHistory of science ; in Ukraine it is still Philosophy.The dissertation is presented in accredited educational or scientific institutions before a
Higher Attestation Commission or VAK. [ _ru. Высшая аттестационная комиссия, ВАК] The USSR-wide organization was called the "Higher Attestation Commission under the USSR Council of Ministers"; every Soviet republic had its own VAK. The seeker of the degree must have an official "research supervisor". [ _ru. научный руководитель] The presentation is literally called "defense of dissertation" in Russian. The dissertation must be delivered together with official references of several reviewers, called "opponents". [ _ru. оппоненты] In a procedure called the "defense of the dissertation" the dissertation is summarized before the Commission, followed by speeches by the opponents or the reading of their references.ee also
*
Academic degree
*Education in Russia
*Education in Ukraine
*Doktor nauk
*Master of Philosophy References
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