Radburn, New Jersey

Infobox_nrhp | name =Radburn
nrhp_type = nhld

---

caption = Radbun cul du sac
location= Fair Lawn, New Jersey
locmapin = New Jersey
area =
built =1928
architect= Clarence Stein, Henry Wright
architecture= Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival
designated = April 5, 2005cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=862450687&ResourceType=District
title=Radburn|date=2008-06-23|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service]
added = April 16, 1975
governing_body = Private
refnum=75001118cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service]

Radburn is an unincorporated new town located within Fair Lawn, in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.

Radburn was founded in 1929 as "a town for the motor age" [http://www.radburn.org/geninfo/history.html History] from the Radburn Association website] . Its planners, Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, and its landscape architect Marjorie Sewell Cautley [ [http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/events/farrand/Abstracts/Thaisa.html Marjorie L. Sewell Cautley, Landscape Architect to the Garden City Movement] By: Thaisa Way, accessed June 7, 2006] aimed to incorporate modern planning principles, which were then being introduced into England's Garden Cities, following ideas advocated by urban planners Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes [http://www.radburn.org/geninfo/radburn-intro.html Introduction] from the Radburn Association website] .

Radburn was explicitly designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path system that does not cross any major roads at grade. Radburn introduced the largely residential "superblock" and is credited with incorporating some of the earliest cul-de-sacs in the United States. [ [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5455743 Cul-de-Sacs: Suburban Dream or Dead End?] , a June 2006 National Public Radio story]

tatistics

There are approximately 3,100 people in 670 families residing in Radburn. They live in 469 single family homes, 48 townhouses, 30 two-family houses and a 93-unit apartment complex.

Radburn's 149 acres include 23 acres of interior parks, four tennis courts, three hardball fields, two softball fields, two swimming pools and an archery plaza. Young children and their parents can make use of two toddler playgroup areas, two playgrounds and a toddler bathing pool.

There is also a community center which houses administrative offices, library, gymnasium, clubroom, pre-school and maintenance shops.

For census purposes, Radburn is mostly a subset of Census Tract 171 in Bergen County, New Jersey. [ [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=&geo_id=14000US34003017100&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US34%7C05000US34003%7C16000US3422470%7C86000US07410%7C14000US34003017100&_cityTown=Fair+Lawn&_state=04000US34&_zip=07410&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=search_by_address&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=050&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF Census 2000 Profile for Census Tract 171] in Bergen County, New Jersey]

A community within a community

The Radburn Community enjoys much autonomy within the Borough of Fair Lawn. Pursuant to enabling laws passed in the 1920's and covenants included in the original deeds for the development, the Radburn Association is a private association which is empowered to administer Radburn's common properties and to tax the owners of properties included within the development in order to support the Association's maintenance and operation of those properties. The Association is also empowered to restrict development and decoration of Radburn properties in order to maintain a consistent "look" to the community. Use of Radburn Association facilities is limited to residents (though the parks themselves are ungated and the walkways are public property of the Borough.)

Governance

Radburn residents vote for a board of trustees to govern the Association. Nominees to six of the nine board seats are chosen by current trustees. Two other seats are appointed by the sitting trustees and not subject to the residents' vote. The ninth seat is filled by the President of the Radburn Citizens' Association.

In November, 2006 a small group of Radburn residents opposed to the current system of governance filed a lawsuit against the Radburn Association. The plaintiffs claim that Radburn's governance violates New Jersey state law and the New Jersey State Constitution. The small group of residents are represented by two public interest legal organizations: the [http://www.njappleseed.net New Jersey Appleseed Public Interest Law Center] and The Community Law Clinic of The Rutgers School of Law-Newark. The Radburn Citizens' Association voted and passed a motion in 2007 requesting a letter be sent to the litigants in this lawsuit asking them to drop their lawsuit. The Citizens' Association on several occasions also asked the Radburn Association to amend its policies to allow open nominations for trustee and open financial records.

On April 1, 2008 the New Jersey Superior Court awarded summary judgements for both sides in the democracy lawsuit. Judge Contillo found that Radburn's governance was legal as well as its membership. The Court ordered the Association to comply with the law by providing full financial disclosure to residents and amending its bylaws to support open trustee meetings four times each year. Judge Contillo also ruled in the Radburn Association's favor regarding the procedure for nominating and electing Trustees.

Respected New Jersey Constitutional expert Frank Askin of the Rutgers University School of Law at Newark, and his Clinic on Constitutional Law, have now joined the plaintiffs' pro bono legal team for the appeals process, intending to affirm through the courts that the PREDFDA statute guarantees free elections in planned community government.

Not all residents of Radburn agree with the plaintiffs claims nor their continuing legal action.

Facilities

The Radburn School, an elementary school located on the edge of the "B" park, is operated by the Fair Lawn Public Schools. While many of its students are Radburn residents, it serves a larger district. The school, built in 1929, was designed by the architecture firm of Guilbert & Betelle. The building was expanded in 1955 and again in 2005.

Several prominent Fair Lawn businesses exist in Radburn's business district, which is at the intersection of Fair Lawn Avenue and Plaza Road, two important arteries in Fair Lawn. Many of these businesses are within the Radburn Plaza (clock tower) building, a signature landmark of Radburn and Fair Lawn itself. (The building suffered a severe fire several years ago and was recently restored in its prior image.) Nearby stands the Old Dutch House, a tavern built during the time of Dutch colonization of the Americas.

Facing the Plaza Building is the Radburn railroad station, built by the Radburn developers along the Erie Railroad line (later Conrail) and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Passenger service operates there today on the New Jersey Transit Bergen County Line.

Failures and disappointments

The original development plan was to have covered a far larger geographical area, with the platting running as far north as the border with Glen Rock and east to the border with Paramus. The Great Depression led to the economic failure of the original development company and the relatively limited actual development of the Radburn idea.

The emphasis on common areas and an extensive interior park system meant that the amount of land allocated to most homes was relatively limited, a choice made under the assumption that homeowners with such easy access to parks needed less private land. Small home plots, however, resulted in the construction of relatively small homes by 21st century U.S. standards, homes that couldn't be expanded. The typical closeness of the houses also resulted in neighborhoods with somewhat less privacy compared to other types of homes built during the same period.

The "town for the automobile age" did not take into account just how popular the automobile was going to be. Most of the Radburn homes are on small cul-de-sacs ending at a park; this design was intended to accommodate automobiles without requiring them [http://www.lib.umd.edu/NTL/gardencities.html#radburn Planned Communities: Radburn] , from a University of Maryland website] . As latter 20th century economics and practice resulted in families with multiple cars, congestion arose on the cul-de-sacs where parking outside of one's own driveway was limited.

Most homes in the area were oriented so that their front doors were facing a park or a "walk street" leading to the park, with a secondary entrance on the street side of the home. This design is not suited to a lifestyle centered around the automobile.

Radburn as a model

The same design choices seen as impediments to a lifestyle centered around the automobile led to perceptions that Radburn can serve as precedent for the car-free movement.

The impact of Radburn's urban form on energy consumption for short local trips was considered in a 1970 study by John Lansing of the University of Michigan [John B. Lansing, Robert W. Marans and Robert B. Zehner, "Planned Residential Environments" (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1970), p. 213] . The study found Radburn's design to have important implications for energy conservation, recording that 47% of its residents shopped for groceries on foot, while comparable figures were 23% for Reston, Virginia (another Radburn-type development, but more car oriented) and only 8% for a nearby unplanned community. Other findings, such as low figures for weekend trips and low average numbers of miles traveled by car per resident, bore out this claim. (See reference, below.)

The Radburn model was used in the planning of some Canberra, Australia suburbs developed in the 1960s, in particular Curtin and Garran. It was also used in the Melbourne suburb of Doncaster East in an area known as the Milgate Park Estate.

The developers of Varsity Village and Braeside, subdivisions in Calgary, Alberta used the Radburn model in the late 1960s. The Radburn concept was also used in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in the early 1950s in at least two communities: the Wildwood Park area of Fort Garry, consisting of 10 loop streets (bays); and the Norwood 'Flats' area of St. Boniface, consisting of 4 bays - both totalling several hundred single family houses, all facing sidewalks and green spaces and backing onto short loop streets. Today, they are considered to be two of the most desirable middle to upper-middle class neighbourhoods in which to reside in Winnipeg.

Grove Hill, one of the seven planned neighbourhoods in the Hertfordshire new town of Hemel Hempstead, was also partially designed using the Radburn model. A part of Yate in South Gloucestershire in England was developed using the Radburn model.

Trivia

The group behind Radburn's plan had earlier worked on Sunnyside Gardens in the Sunnyside neighborhood of the Borough of Queens in New York City.

References

External links

* [http://www.radburn.org/ Official website of The Radburn Association]
* [http://www.radburncitizens.org/ Radburn Citizens' Association]
* [http://www.fairlawn.org/ Borough of Fair Lawn]
*cite web |url= http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=862450687&ResourceType=District |title=Radburn |publisher=National Historic Landmarks Program |accessdate=2006-06-18