Pope Peter of Alexandria

Infobox Saint
name=Pope Peter of Alexandria
birth_date= 3rd century
death_date=November 25, 311
feast_day=November 25
venerated_in=Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism


imagesize=140px
caption=Vision of Peter of Alexandria (russian icon)
birth_place=Alexandria, Egypt
death_place=Alexandria, Egypt
titles=Hieromartyr
beatified_date=
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canonized_date=
canonized_place=
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attributes=Vested as a bishop, holding a Gospel Book
patronage=
major_shrine=
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Pope Peter of Alexandria was Pope of Alexandria (300 - 311). He is revered as a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, [CathEncy|wstitle=St. Peter of Alexandria] and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Life

The Coptic Orthodox Church believes that Peter was given by his parents to His Holiness Theonas to be brought up as a priest, similarly to the story of Samuel in the Old Testament. He rose through the ranks of holy orders, first becoming a reader, then a deacon, then a priest. On his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did.

Peter's time as bishop included the most terrible persecution Christianity was subjected to, that of Roman Emperor Diocletian, which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years.

Accounts of Peter's position during the persecution vary, [Philip Schaff's "History of the Christian Church" provides several differing sources on the subject. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc2.v.vi.xviii.html Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100-325.] ] but one states that he was imprisoned for a time with bishop Meletius of Lycopolis and they fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered pagan sacrifice or surrendered scriptures to the authorities to save their lives during the persecution. Peter urged leniency while Meletius held firmly that the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be rebaptised. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. One of Meletius' followers was a priest named Arius (modern scholarship differs on whether this was the same Arius as became involved with the Arian controversy a few years later). [Rubenstein, Richard E. (1999). "When Jesus Became God: The Struggle to Define Christianity during the Last Days of Rome", Harcourt. The text links the current suggestions of only one Arius being involved, rather than two people of that name, to the work of Frend in "Rise of Christianity", p. 493; see p. 245.] Citation
last =Severus of Al'Ashmunein (Hermopolis)
first =
contribution =History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic church of Alexandria, Part 2, Chap. 6: Peter I, the seventeeth patriarch (300-311)
year =
title =Patrologia Orientalis (1904)
editor-last =
editor-first =
volume =1
pages =383-518 (pp.119-256 of text)
place=
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id =
url = http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_hermopolis_hist_alex_patr_02_part2.htm#PETER_I
accessdate =2007-12-08] . According to Severus of Ashmumeen, Arius tried in vain to receive absolution from the Patriarch before Peter was executed, and before dying Peter issued a prophecy against Arius.

Martyrdom

The tenth century historian Severus of Ashmumeen gives us an account of how during the Diocletian Persecution the Patriarch was seized and thrown in prison. When the emperor was informed about this, he ordered Peter to be beheaded. This was hindered by a large number of Christians who gathered at the prison willing to die for their Patriarch. The soldiers delayed the execution because they neither wanted to massacre the crowd nor create a riot.

The Patriarch, fearing for the life of his people, advised the soldiers with a plan to sneak him out of jail by breaking a hole in a certain wall which he would point out. He could then be smuggled out and receive his sentence.

Severus of Ashmumeen describes the moment when the Patriarch was martyred:

And he took off his omophorion, and bared his neck, which was pure before the Lord, and said to them: «Do as you have been commanded». But the soldiers feared that trouble would befall them because of him. So they looked one at another, and not one of them dared to cut off his head, because of the dread which had fallen upon them. Then they took counsel together and said: «To him that cuts off his head each one of us will give five denarii». Now they were six persons; and one of them had some money; so he took out five and twenty denarii from among the coins and said : «He that will go up to him, and cut off his head, shall receive this money from me and from the four others». So one of the men went forward, and summoned up his courage, and cut off the head of the holy martyr and patriarch Peter; that day being the 29th of Hatur.

Hatur is a month in the Coptic calendar, corresponding roughly to November. Saint Peter's martyrdom occurred in the year 311 AD.

Feast day

Traditionally, in Christianity, the day of a saint's death is the day on which his feast day is celebrated. 29 Hatur corresponds to 25 November in the Julian calendar (to 26 November if the following Julian year is a leap year). Thus 29 Hatur corresponds at present to the Gregorian Calendar 8 December or 9 December (see Old Style and New Style dates).

References

External links

* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103394 Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria] Eastern Orthodox icon and synaxarion