Battle of Chemulpo Bay

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict= Battle of Chemulpo Bay
partof=the Russo-Japanese War


caption=Varyag and Korietz go into battle.
date=9 February 1904
place=off Chemulpo Bay, Korea
(coord|37|20.8|N|126|31.37|E|display=inline,title)
result=Japanese victory
combatant1=flagicon|Japan|naval Imperial Japanese Navy
combatant2=flagicon|Russia|naval Imperial Russian Navy
commander1=Uryu Sotokichi
commander2= Vsevolod Rudnev
strength1=2 armoured cruisers,
4 protected cruisers,
1 aviso,
8 torpedo boats
strength2=1 protected cruiser,
1 gunboat
casualties1=no casualties reported by Japanese, 1 torpedo boat and about 30 men by Russian sources
casualties2=33 killed, 97 woundedВ.И.Катаев (V.I. Katayev): "Крейсер «Варяг»" ("Kreyser Varyag"), Morskaya Kollektsya nr. 3/2003] ; both ships scuttled after the battle

The Battle of Chemulpo Bay ( _ja. 仁川沖海戦 "Jinsen'oki kaisen" _ru. Бой в заливе Чемульпо) was an early naval battle in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), which took place on 9 February 1904, off the coast of present-day Inchon, Korea.

Background

The opening stage of the Russo-Japanese War began with a pre-emptive strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the Russian Pacific Fleet based at Port Arthur, Vladivostok and at Chemulpo (now part of Inchon, Korea). Command of the Chemulpo operation was given to Rear Admiral Uryu Sotokichi, with six cruisers, 3-8 torpedo boats (depending on sources), aviso "Chihaya", three transports and 2500 ground troops. [ cite book
last = Jukes
first = Jeffery
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = "The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905"
publisher = Osprey
date = 2002
location =
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 1841764469 ] Chemulpo also had strategic significance, as it was the main port for the Korean capital of Seoul, and was also the main invasion route used previously by Japanese forces in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894. However, Chemulpo, with its wide tidal bore, extensive mudflats, and narrow, winding channels, posed a number of tactical challenges for both attackers and defenders.

The protected cruiser "Chiyoda" had been based at Chemulpo for the past 10 months, and had been keeping watch on the Russian armoured cruiser "Varyag" and aging gunboat "Korietz", also based at Chemulpo to look after Russian interests.

After the Russian transport "Sungari" arrived at Chemulpo on 7 February 1904, reporting the sighting of a large Japanese force approaching, the gunboat "Korietz" was ordered to Port Arthur to report and request instructions. In the early morning of 8 February 1904, the "Korietz" spotted the "Chiyoda" outside the Chemulpo roadstead, and mistaking it for a fellow Russian ship, loaded its guns for a salute. On closing in, the crew of the "Korietz" realized their mistake and in the ensuing confusion the guns were discharged. The "Chiyoda" responded by launching a torpedo. Both sides missed, but this was the first actual exchange of fire in the Russo-Japanese War, and it is highly unclear which side actually opened fire first. The "Korietz" retreated back to Chemulpo harbor. [cite book
last = Connaughton
first = Richard
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = "Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: Russia's War with Japan "
publisher = Cassell
date = 2003
location =
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 0-304-36657-9] Later in the morning of 8 February 1904, the "Chiyoda" rendezvoused with the Admiral Uryu’s squadron outside the entrance to Chemulpo, and reported that several warships from neutral countries were present in the anchorage, including: HMS "Talbot" (Great Britain), "Pascal" (France), and "Elba" (Italy). An American warship USS "Vicksburg" was also present, but she was further up the harbor. Admiral Uryu reasoned that if the Russians remained anchored in the midst of the neutral ships, they could not attack his transports, whereas if the Russians came out to do battle, he had ample force to deal with them. On the other hand, it was against international law to attack the Russians while they were anchored in a neutral port. Admiral Uryu sent a message requesting that the captains of HMS "Talbot", the "Pascal" and the "Elba" to shift their anchorage, promising that no attack should be delivered before 4 p.m.

The Battle

Admiral Uryu ordered the cruisers "Chiyoda", "Takachiho", "Asama" and his torpedo boats to proceed up the channel with the troopships to commence the debarkation at once, while the cruisers "Naniwa", "Niitaka" and "Akashi" were held in reserve. Three torpedo-boats took refuge near "Niitaka" far board.

At 1800 on 8 February 1904, Japanese troopships anchored at Chemulpo, mooring next to the Russians, and disembarked four battalions of soldiers of the IJA 12th Division in an operation that continued into the night. To the amazement of the tense Japanese, the "Varyag" and "Korietz" took no action, but continued to air out bunting as if on parade. [ cite book
last = Tyler
first = Sydney
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = "The Japan Russia War"
publisher = PW Ziegler
date = 1905
location =
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ] The troop disembarkation was complete by 0300 on 9 February 1904, and all Japanese warships and transports withdrew from the harbor except for the "Chiyoda".

The latter delivered a letter to the "Varyag" advising that a state of war now existed between the Empires of Japan and Russia, and giving an ultimatum for the Russians to vacate the harbor by noon. Letters sent to the neutral warships warned them to stay clear of any conflict that might arise. A conference was quickly convened on the neutral warships and it was decided that the Russians would fight their way out.

At noon, Captain Denis Bagly of HMS "Talbot" came to "Naniwa" from HMS "Talbot", with a letter signed by all of the neutral captains except for the captain of the USS "Vicksburg", declining the request to change anchorage, on the grounds that Chemulpo was a neutral port.

Outgunned and outnumbered, and refusing advice from the neutral captains to surrender, at 1100 on 9 February 1904, the captain of the "Varyag" attempted to make a break for the open sea.

From the "Varayg" logbook:
* 1110 All hands on deck on "Varyag".
* 1120 Cruiser goes to open sea. "Korietz" in 1 cable length behind. English and Italian crews cheers Russians, at Italian ship Russian anthem is played.
* 1125 Battle alarm on "Varyag". Japanese cruisers "Asama", "Naniwa", "Takachiho", "Chiyoda", "Akashi" и "Niitaka" in bearing line from Richy island to Northern passage. Japanese torpedo-boats behind cruisers.
*1145 "Asama" opens fire with 8" gun; all Japanese squadron then open fire.
*1147 "Varyag" opens fire with starboard guns.
* One of the first Japanese shells, that hit cruiser, destroyed starboard wing of front bridge, set fire in chart house and break fore shrouds. Petty navigating officer midshipman Count Alexey Nirod was killed, all personnel on range finding station #1 were killed or wounded.
* Damaged 6" gun #3, all personnel killed or wounded, battery commander midshipman Gubonin was wounded, but refused to go away until he fall. Fire on quarterdeck (was put out by midshipman Chernilovsky-Sokol). With the same shell, that caused fire was damaged guns: 6" #8 and #9, 75mm #21 47mm #27 and #28. With other hits was nearly destroyed main battle top, destroyed range finding station #2, damaged guns #31 and #32, fire in lockers on accommodation deck (was put out lively).
* 1205 After passing traverse of "Yo-dol-mi" island trunk with rudder drive was damaged. At the same time, Captain Rudnev was shell-shocked in head by fragments of another shell, hitting foremast. Staff-bugler and drummer, who stay astride him was deadly killed, helmsman petty officer Snegirev was badly wounded in back, and orderly of captain quartermaster Chibisov was lightly wounded too. Ship from now was steered from steering compartment, but orders were stiffed, so course permanently was corrected with engines. At strong current cruiser steered badly.
* 1215 Willing to go out of fire range to repair as possible steering drive and put out fires in different places begin to turn with machines, as cruiser steered badly. Near "Yo-dol-mi" island engines on full back.
* Cruiser was put in disadvantage position relatively to island when steering drive was broken with rudder at 15-20° on port side.
* Distance to enemy shorten to 28-30 cable length, fire strengthens, hits increase.
* Near the same time large caliber shell hit port side under water, water gushed into huge hole, stokehold #3 begins to full with water, which level raised up to furnaces. Chief Officer and chief boatswain placed patch under the hole, water was pumped all time, its level decreased continuously, but cruiser continue to listing at port side.
* With shell passing through officer cabins, which were wrecked, deck was pierced and meal in provision berth was inflamed. Then cot netting at waist under the sick quarters was pierced, wherein fragments get into sick quarters, cots in netting catch fire, which was put out lively. Serious damage forced us to get out of fire range for a more long time, that is why we come to roadstead at full speed, firing with port and stern guns.
* Throughout the battle with one shot of 6" gun #XII stern bridge of "Asama" cruiser was destroyed and put afire, "Asama" stop fire for some time. Stern turret on her was apparently damaged, as it not fired up to the end of battle.
* 1240 With cruiser approached the berth and Japanese fire become dangerous for neutral ships on roadstead, two cruiser pursuing us stop the fire and return to the rest of squadron out of "Yo-dol-mi" island.
* 1245 Distance to the Japanese so increased, that our fire become ineffective, so we stop it.

Although the Russian logbook records damage to the "Asama", Japanese records indicate that the "Asama" took no damage.

Unable to break past the Japanese squadron by mid-afternoon, the "Korietz" and the badly battered "Varyag" returned to Chemulpo harbor at 1315, where both took refuge near the neutral warships. At 1600, the "Korietz" was scuttled by its crew by blowing up two powder-rooms. Fragments of the blown-up ship landed dangerously close to neutral vessels. Fearing a greater exposion with potential casualties, the captains of the neutral warships present urged Rudnev not to blow up the "Varyag" in similar manner. At 1810, scuttled by its crew, the "Varyag" rolled over on its port side and sank. Crewmen from the "Varyag"　were dispatched to the Russian transport "Sungari", which had remained behind in the harbor during the battle, and set it on fire to prevent it from falling into Japanese hands. [ cite book
last = Stafford
first = Julian
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905"
publisher = Naval Institute Press
date = 1997
location =
pages =
url =
doi =
id = ISBN 1557501297]

Outcome

The Battle of Chemulpo was a military victory for the Japanese. Russian casualties on the "Varyag" were heavy. Ten of the "Varyag's" twelve 6" guns, all of her 12-pounders, and all of her 3-pounders were out of action, she took 4 serious hits at or below the waterline. Her upper works and ventilators were riddled, and her crew had put out at least four serious fires. Of her crew with a nominal strength of 580, 33 were killed and 97 wounded. Most serious cases among the Russian wounded were treated at the Red Cross hospital at Chemulpo. The Russian crews, except for the badly wounded, returned to Russia on neutral warships and were treated as heroes. Although severely damaged, "Varyag", not blown up, was later raised by Japanese and incorporated into the Imperial Japanese Navy as the training ship "Soya".

References

Further reading

* Connaughton, Richard. "Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: Russia's War with Japan ". Cassell (2003). ISBN 0-304-36657-9
* Jukes, Jeffery. "The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905"．Osprey 2002. ISBN 1841764469
* Nish, Ian. "The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War". Longman Publishing (1985). ISBN 0-582-49114-2
* Stafford, Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905". Naval Institute Press (1997). ISBN 1557501297
* Tyler, Sydney. The Japan Russia War. PW Ziegler (1905).
* Warner, Dennis & Peggy. "The Tide at Sunrise; A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 ". Charterhouse. (1974)

External links

* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.eur/mtfhtml.0052 The Papers of William A. Marshall, 1876-1906] (Library of Congress)
* [http://www.russojapanesewar.com/ Russo-Japanese War research society]