Lingua Ignota

A "Lingua Ignota" (Latin for "unknown language") was described by the 12th century abbess of Rupertsberg, Hildegard of Bingen. A recognized saint of the Roman Catholic Church, she apparently used it for mystical purposes. To write it, she used an alphabet of 23 letters, the "litterae ignotae".

She partially described the language in a work titled "Lingua Ignota per simplicem hominem Hildegardem prolata", which survived in two manuscripts, both dating to ca. 1200, the Wiesbaden Codex and a Berlin MS. The text is a glossary of 1011 words in Lingua Ignota, with glosses mostly in Latin, sometimes in German; the words appear to be "a priori" coinages, mostly nouns with a few adjectives. Grammatically it appears to be a partial relexification of Latin, that is, a language formed by substituting new vocabulary into an existing grammar.

It is unknown what the precise purpose of Lingua Ignota was; nor do we know who besides its creator were familiar with it. In the 19th century some believed that Hildegard intended her language to be an ideal, universal language. However, nowadays it is generally assumed that Lingua Ignota was devised as a secret language; like Hildegard's "unheard music", it would have come to her by divine inspiration. Inasmuch as the language was constructed by Hildegard, it may be considered one of the earliest known constructed languages.

In a letter to Hildegard, her friend and provost Wolmarus, fearing that Hildegard would soon die, asks "ubi tunc vox inauditae melodiae? et vox inauditae linguae?" (Descemet, p. 346; "where, then, the voice of the unheard melody? And the voice of the unheard language?"), suggesting that the existence of Hildegard's language was known, but there were no initiates that would have preserved its knowledge after her death.

ample text

The only extant text in the language is the following short passage::"O orzchis Ecclesia, armis divinis praecincta, et hyacinto ornata, tu es caldemia stigmatum loifolum et urbs scienciarum. O, o tu es etiam crizanta in alto sono, et es chorzta gemma."These two sentences are written mostly in Latin with five key words in Lingua Ignota; as only one of these is unambiguously found in the glossary ("loifol" "people"), it is clear that the vocabulary was larger than 1011 words. (Higley 2007 finds probable correspondences for two other words.)

:"O "orzchis" Ecclesia, girded with divine arms, and adorned with hyacinth, you are the "caldemia" of the wounds of the "loifol", and the city of sciences. O, o, you are the "crizanta" in high sound, and you are the "chorzta" gem."loifol" "people" apparently is inflected in Latin, yielding "loifol-um" in congruence with "stigmatum", the plural genitive of "stigma".

Newman (1987) conjectures the translation:"O "measureless" Church, / girded with divine arms / and adorned with jacinth, / you are the "fragrance" of the wounds of "nations" / and the city of sciences. / O, o, and you are "anointed" / amid noble sound, / and you are a "sparkling" gem."

The glossary

The glossary is in a hierarchical order, first giving terms for God and angels, followed by terms for human beings and terms for family relationships, followed by terms for body-parts, illnesses, religious and worldly ranks, craftsmen, days, months, clothing, household implements, plants, and a few birds and insects. Terms for mammals are lacking (except for the bat, Ualueria, listed among birds, and the gryphon, Argumzio, a half-mammal, also listed among the birds).

The first 30 entries are (after Roth 1880):
* Aigonz: "deus" (God)
* Aieganz: "angelus" (angel)
* Zuuenz: "sanctus" (saint)
* Liuionz "salvator" (saviour)
* Diueliz: "diabolus" (devil)
* Ispariz: "spiritus"
* Inimois: "homo" (human being)
* Jur: "vir" (man)
* Vanix: "femina" (woman)
* Peuearrez: "patriarcha"
* Korzinthio: "propheta"
* Falschin: "vates"
* Sonziz: "apostolus"
* Linschiol: "martir"
* Zanziuer: "confessor"
* Vrizoil: "virgo" (virgin)
* Jugiza: "vidua" (widow)
* Pangizo: "penitens"
* Kulzphazur: "attavus" (great-great-great-grandfather)
* Phazur: "avus" (grandfather)
* Peueriz: "pater" (father)
* Maiz: "maler" (sic, for "mater", mother)
* Hilzpeueriz: "nutricus" (step-father)
* Nilzmaiz: "noverca" (step-mother)
* Scirizin: "filius (son)
* Hilzscifriz: "privignus" (step-son)
* Limzkil: "infans" (infant)
* Zains: "puer" (boy)
* Zunzial: "iuvenis" (youth)
* Bischiniz "adolescens" (adolescent)

Nominal composition may be observed in "peueriz" "father" : "hilz-peueriz" "step-father", "maiz" "mother" : "nilz-maiz" "step-mother" , and "scirizin" "son" : "hilz-scifriz" "step-son", as well as "phazur" : "kulz-phazur". Suffixal derivation in "peueriz" "father", "peuearrez" "patriarch".

Editions

*Wilhelm Grimm (1848), listing only the 291 glosses with German translations
*Roth (1880), consisting of the 1011 glosses.
*Descemet, Analecta of Pitra (1882), listing only the 181 glosses giving the names of plants
*Portmann and Odermatt (1986)
*Higley (2007), the entire Riesencodex glossary, with additions from the Berlin MS, translations into English, and extensive commentary

ee also

*glossolalia
*language of angels
*artistic language

Literature

*Traude Bollig / Ingrid Richter, "Hildegard von Bingen, Heilwerden mit der Kraft ihrer Symbole", Aurum Verlag, ISBN 3-89901-006-X (an esoteric claim of decipherment of the "litterae" [http://heilende-symbole.de/symbole/index.html] )
*Jakob Grimm in: Haupt, "Zeitschrift fur deutsch. Alterthum", VI, 321.
* "Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language: An Edition, Translation and Discussion" by Sarah L. Higley. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)
*Barbara Newman, "Sister of Wisdom: St. Hildegard's Theology of the Feminine" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
*Marie-Louise Portmann and Alois Odermatt (eds.), "Wörterbuch der unbekannten Sprache", Basel: Verlag Basler Hildegard-Gesellschaft (1986). ISBN 3-905143-18-6
*Friedrich Wilhelm Emil Roth, "Glossae Hildigardis", in: Elias Steinmeyer and Eduard Sievers eds., "Die Althochdeutschen Glossen", vol. III. Zürich: Wiedmann, 1895, 1965, pp. 390-404.

External links

* [http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_linguaignota.htm Langmaker profile of Lingua Ignota]