William Edward White

William Edward White (1860-?) played as a substitute in one baseball game for the Providence Grays, on June 21, 1879. Recent work by members of the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) suggests that he may have been the first African-American to play major league baseball, predating the longer career of Moses Fleetwood Walker by five years.

Very little is known about White, who replaced the regular first baseman, Joe Start, after the latter was injured. White was a student of Brown University, who played for the college's team. He went 1-for-4 and scored a run as Providence won 5-3. It is unknown why White did not play for the Grays again; he was replaced in the next game by now-Hall of Famer "Orator Jim" O'Rourke.

Research conducted in 2003 by SABR has suggested that the William Edward White who took the field that day was the son of a plantation owner from Milner, Georgia, Andrew Jackson White, and his black slave, Hannah. University records give Milner as the student's birthplace, and the only person of his name listed in the 1870 census was a 9-year-old mulatto boy who was one of three children living with his mother Hannah White. All three of these children are named in A.J. White's 1877 will, which described them as the children of his servant Hannah White and stipulates that they be educated in the North. If the research by SABR is correct, then William Edward White was not only the first black player in the major leagues, but also the only former slave to do so.

According to 1900 and 1910 census records, White (the former Brown student and ballplayer) moved to Chicago and became a bookkeeper. He is listed there as having been born in Rhode Island and being white. The 1920 census, however, indicates that there was then a 60-year-old William E. White living in Chicago, whose parents were born in Georgia, and whose race was listed as "black." It is not certain that this is the same man.

References

* [http://www.projo.com/news/content/projo_20040215_white15.33775b.html "The Providence Journal"] , February 15, 2004: "Who was the first black man to play in the major leagues?"
* [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1723322&type=story ESPN.com] , January 30, 2004 "Was William Edward White really first?"
* [http://www.baseball-reference.com/w/whitebi01.shtml Official Bill White Player Information Page]