Wahaha

:"This article refers to the Sino-French joint venture. For the Chinese holding company, please see Hangzhou Wahaha Group"

Infobox Company
name = Wahaha Joint Venture Company
(娃哈哈合资公司)
company_
type = private
foundation = March 28, 1996
location = Hangzhou, China
locations =
area_served = China
key_people = Emmanuel Faber "Chairman"
industry = Food
products = Dairy products, Water, Soft drinks
services =
revenue = €100 million
operating_income = 5%
net_income =
num_employees =
parent = Groupe Danone
divisions =
subsid =
slogan =
homepage = [http://en.wahaha.com.cn/ wahaha.com.cn]
dissolved =
footnotes =
intl = yes

The Wahaha Joint Venture Company is a food and beverage joint venture company established between the Hangzhou Wahaha Group, the largest beverage producer in China,cite news | publisher = South China Morning Post |title = Danone set to sue Wahaha over breach of contract |date = April 11, 2007 |page = B3] and Danone, one of the world's largest food conglomerates.

The companies have been partners since 1996 in a business model "Forbes" magazine hailed as a "showcase" joint venture.cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/06/27/ap3861182.html|author=Elaine Kurtenbach|title=Wahaha-Danone Feud Highlights Pitfalls|publisher=Forbes.com|date=2007-06-27|accessdate=2007-07-17]

As the businesses expanded and became more complex, Danone had made several attempts to buy out Wahaha, but was rebuffed. Danone and Wahaha's General Manager Zong Qinghou signed a deal in December 2006, allowing Danone to buy a majority stake in the non-JV operations. However, Zong had second thoughts about the deal and reneged, claiming the offer was underpriced. It is alleged that he wanted to squeeze a higher price out of Danone.

For a trademark dispute, Danone filed for arbitration in Stockholm on May 9. On June 4, Danone filed suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ever Maple Trading and Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage Co Ltd, companies controlled by Zong's wife and daughter who run the two companies.

On 21 December 2007, Danone and the Chinese partner agreed to suspend their legal battle and resume negotiations.

Background

Founded in 1987, Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co. Limited was originally a sales company owned by the government of Hangzhou's Shangcheng District. From its creation, Zong Qinghou has led and grown the business, exercising control over the day-to-day operations. In 1995, Peregrine Investments Holdings introduced Zong to Danone, and discussions about joint ventures began. A joint venture agreement was signed on March 28, 1996.cite web|url=http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/b/20070412/09073494827.shtml|author=Liu Hua|title=宗庆后反控达能路径调查|publisher=Sina.com|language=Simplified Chinese|date=2007-04-12|accessdate=2007-07-17] Major parts of the drinks business were injected into the joint venture, and Zong became its chairman whilst remaining the managing director of the holding and operating companies. In the melée of the company's transformation from a state-owned enterprise to a private company, Zong became an important minority shareholder.

Joint venture holding structure

The foreign partners took 51%, while the Chinese partners held 49% (of which WHH holds 39% and employees own 10%).

Foreign partners' holding structure

Groupe Danone and Peregrine together invested US$70 million in return for the stake in five joint venture WHH companies. The holding was held through a Singapore registered entity called Jinjia Investments Co (金加投资公司), the board of which consisted of two Danone representatives, and Francis Leung Pak-to (梁伯韬) from Peregrine.合资公司达能取得控股权的缘由 [http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/b/20070413/10043499496.shtml Wahaha communiqué: The truth behind the Wahaha dispute with Danone] , Sina finance, April 13, 2007 zh icon]

In April 1998, just before the news of Peregrine's collapse broke, Leung was replaced on the board by a third representative from Danone. Although a transfer of shares in the WHH companies would have required State approval under the rules in force at the time for protecting state assets, the shares in Jinjia were not covered. When Peregrine collapsed, and transferred its Jinjia shares, Groupe Danone became majority owner. Zong has alleged that this transfer of ownership was a bad-faith takeover by stealth.

cope of joint venture

On March 28, 1996, five joint venture companies were formed:
* Hangzhou Wahaha Baili Foods 杭州娃哈哈百立食品有限公司
* Hangzhou Wahaha Health Foods Co 杭州娃哈哈保健食品有限公司
* Hangzhou Wahaha Foods Co 杭州娃哈哈食品有限公司
* Hangzhou Wahaha Beverages Co 杭州娃哈哈饮料有限公司
* Hangzhou Wahaha Quick Frozen Foods 杭州娃哈哈速冻食品有限公司

The business had grown into 39 joint venture entities by 2007,cite news | publisher = South China Morning Post |title = Danone and Wahaha vie for the last laugh |date = June 11, 2007 |page = B3] and the total injected capital amounts to US$131 million.

In 2006, the turnover of the joint ventures contributed €100 million to the top line of Danone, and in excess of 5% of Danone's total net profit.另一张底牌 (another hidden card) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon]

Non-joint venture companies

When the joint nenture agreement was inked, five other WHH companies remained outside the scope of the joint venture.

At the end of 2006, total non-joint venture companies reportedly had equity of ¥5.6 billion and profits of ¥1.04 billion. In December, Zong had agreed to sell these to Danone for ¥4 billion.

The Hangzhou Wahaha Guangsheng Investment Co. (杭州娃哈哈广盛投资有限公司) ("GUANGSHENG") established in 2003 with registered capital of ¥50 million, is a key non-JV entity. Its shares were held by Zong and the union in a ratio of 60:40. Its capital was later increased to ¥80 million. The following companies were it's subsidiaries or associates, with holdings ranging from 39 to 60 percent :谁拥有娃哈哈？ (who owns wahaha?) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon]
* Hangzhou Wahaha Children's Clothing Co. 杭州娃哈哈童装有限公司, est. 2002
* Changsha Wahaha Beverages Co. 长沙娃哈哈饮料有限公司
* Harbin Shuangcheng Wahaha Foods Co. 哈尔滨双城娃哈哈食品有限公司
* Jian Wahaha Beverages Co. 吉安娃哈哈饮料公司

The shares of Hangzhou Wahaha Children's Clothing Co. (杭州娃哈哈童装有限公司) founded in 2002, were initially held by Guangsheng, but were transferred out in August 2003, in a "interesting series of share transfers". It is now 65% owned by Zong, 10% by his wife, and 25% by Platinum Net Ltd.

The Hangzhou Wahaha Food and Beverage Sales Co. (杭州娃哈哈食品饮料营销有限公司) "WHHFBSC", registered on December 19, 2006, is an external company allegedly now the centre of a parallel distribution network. 10% of its share capital is held by Zong's wife, Shi Youzhen, and 90% by Zong's personal vehicle Ever Maple Trading Ltd., registered in the British Virgin Islands. Its legal representative is Zong's daughter Zong Fuli.

Zong set up non-jv owned factories, such as the Hangzhou Xiushan Shunfa Packaging Co. (杭州萧山顺发食品包装公司), to manufacture or pack products identical to WHH. Danone further alleges that dealers were asked to set up new bank accounts for their deposit payments in the name of WHHFBSC to sell products from these factories.达能：调查开始了 (Danone investigation begins) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon]

Trademarks

The Wahaha trademark was assigned to the main joint venture vehicle on February 29, 1996, and a joint venture agreement was eventually signed on March 28, 1996. Danone insist that the joint venture agreement with valid and exclusive rights of production, distribution and sales of products under the Wahaha brand,cite press release | url=http://www.danone.com/wps/portal/jump/DanoneCorporateIntl.Press.Commun2004PressReleases?ref=CMS.DanoneCorporateIntl.Press.2006PressReleases.Trimestre1.CP_100407 |publisher = Danone Group|title = " Groupe DANONE confirms being in negotiations with its Chinese partner in beverages, Mr. Zong" |date = April 10, 2007| access date = 2007-04-11] for which Danone paid Hangzhou Wahaha Group the sum of RMB 100 million, including 50 million from the joint venture vehicle. 商标权之争 (trademark dispute) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon] Local government approval was obtained. However, WHH maintains that rules in force stipulate that trademark transfer agreements must be approved by the National Trademark Bureau, while local government powers are limited to a veto. The transfer was denied by the National Trademark Bureau according for the rule safeguarding national assets.娃哈哈与达能关于商标权纠纷的真相 [http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/b/20070413/10043499496.shtml Wahaha communiqué: The truth behind the Wahaha dispute with Danone] , Sina finance, April 13, 2007 zh icon] Although the regulations over the transfer of trademarks was apparently lifted in October 2001, the parties signed an additional contract in October 2005 covering the use of the trademark covering company names and products.

Day to day management control

Danone agreed to terms of joint venture which didn’t give it much involvement, allowing the day to day running of the company rested in the hands of Zong,Russell Flannery, " [http://www.forbes.com/markets/2007/06/18/wahaha-zong-wu-markets-equity-cx_rf_0618markets49.html How To Lose In China] ", Forbes, June 18, 2007, Accessed 2007-06-21] while he continued in his autocratic ways. Zong has even boasted about the managers sent by Danone whom he had sent packing.

Danone gave Mr. Zong room to move since "he operates in a very entrepreneurial way, making a lot of decisions on his own." Up until just before the conflict became public, Zong was allowed to pursue his own commercial strategy through external ventures where Danone had no wish to be. However, Danone felt that it was time to claw back a stake in the external ventures.

Beginning of public row

Danone had made several attempts to buy out Zong, but was rebuffed. Danone and Zong signed a deal in December 2006, allowing Danone to buy out the non-JV operations. However, Zong had second thoughts about the deal and reneged, claims he could not carry his co-investors, according to the "Wall Street Journal". Zong claims the offer was rejected as it was underpriced [http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/06/27/afx3861908.html Wahaha president accuses Danone of setting up disputed units] , Thomson Financial story, Forbes, June 27, 2007] , and wanted to squeeze more out of Danone.

On April 3, 2007, the war of words started with an article on Xinhua's website entitled "Wahaha victim of low-ball buyout by Danone" [cite web | publisher = Xinhua |title = "娃哈哈遭遇达能低价强行并购 " |access date = April 11, 2007 |url=http://www.zj.xinhuanet.com/business/2007-04/03/content_9686643.htm zh icon] which stated that the board had rejected Danone's attempt at a "hostile takeover" of Wahaha for ¥4 billion. The article was written by a Xinhua journalist to whom Zong had given an "internal reference" document in the hopes of influencing political leaders on the fate of Wahaha.孤注一掷 (final throw) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon]

On April 10, Danone issued a statement implying that Zong was in breach of his agreement with Danone by having entered into joint ventures with other partners with rights to use the brand. Zong had been accused of selling identical products using the "Wahaha" brand outside of the joint ventures, and Danone demanded a 51% stake in these. Danone sent a warning letter to Zong, in his capacity as the Chairman of the Wahaha joint ventures, giving 30 days for WHH to stop illegally selling products under "Wahaha" trademark without proper authorization.cite press release | url=http://www.danone.com/wps/portal/jump/DanoneCorporateIntl.Press.Commun2004PressReleases?ref=CMS.DanoneCorporateIntl.Press.2006PressReleases.Trimestre1.CP_090507 |publisher = Danone Group|title = "Danone Announcement on the Wahaha Dispute" |date = May 09, 2007| access date = 2007-06-21]

Zong said that Emmanuel Faber had personally authorised the setting up of the units outside the scope of the joint ventures. Danone concedes that in around 2003, it allowed Zong to become a minority partner in businesses that made "Wahaha" products outside their joint-venture structure, apparently because local governments often preferred to have Zong personally as a partner.James T. Areddy & Deborah Ball, [http://news.google.com/news/url?sa=t&ct=us/4-0&fp=4682536d5103700e&ei=f3KCRrDyCpDgqwPF-JTMBQ&url=http%3A//online.wsj.com/article/SB118184992493235680.html%3Fmod%3Dgooglenews_wsj&cid=0 Danone's China Strategy Is Set Back] ,
Wall Street Journal, Page A10, June 15, 2007] By 2005, Danone realized Zong controlled as many as 20 external businesses making drinks, and claims these represented approximately 25% of Wahaha products. Danone estimates that Zong had established in excess of 80 unauthorised companies using the WHH brandname between 2001 and 2006.

Zong set up externally owned factories to produce products identical to WHH, and Danone alleges that dealers were asked to set up new bank accounts for their deposit payments in the name of WHHFBSC to sell products from these factories.

Danone, which had apparently been relying on the WHH distribution network to sell "Danone" brand products, also found itself being the victim of mis-channelling. Since the dispute has erupted, distributors and employees have come out in support of Zong, calling for a boycott of Danone products. [ [http://english.cri.cn/3126/2007/04/15/[e-mail] Wahaha Staff Boycott Danone Takeover Attempt] , April 15, 2007, Shanghai Daily] [Vivian Wai-yin Kwok, [http://www.forbes.com/markets/2007/06/14/danone-wahaha-zong-markets-equity-cx_vk_0614markets3.html Danone's Chinese Food Fight Gets Messier] , Forbes, June 14, 2007, Accessed 2007-06-21]

Legal moves

While Danone has been seeking justice against HWG and Chairman Zong in the international arena, Wahaha has embroiled Danone in multiple attacks at a local subsidiary-level. Political leaders from both countries have called for an amicable solution to the dispute.James T. Areddy, [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119728635260219221.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Trademark Ruling Favors Wahaha] , Wall Street Journal, Page B5, December 11, 2007]

Danone filed for arbitration in Stockholm on May 9.Xinhua, [http://english.eastday.com/eastday/englishedition/business/userobject1ai2914641.html Wahaha says its arbitration application accepted over trademark dispute with Danone] , June 18, 2007] On June 4,cite press release | url=http://www.danone.com/wps/portal/jump/DanoneCorporateIntl.Press.Commun2004PressReleases?ref=CMS.DanoneCorporateIntl.Press.2006PressReleases.Trimestre1.CP_120607 |publisher = Danone Group|title = "current developments regarding Wahaha dispute" |date = June 12, 2007| access date = 2007-06-21] Danone filed suit in Los Angeles Superior Court against Ever Maple Trading and Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage Co Ltd, as well as Zong's wife and daughter who run the two companies. [http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/news/business/20070618-danone-wahaha-china-france-food-companies.html Danone, Wahaha set for arbitration dispute in China] , AFP story, France24, June 18, 2007] Ever Maple Trading Ltd is the controlling shareholder of Hangzhou Hongsheng Beverage, which is the parent company of Hangzhou Wahaha Food and Beverage Sales for damages of US$100 million. Zong resigned as Chairman of the joint ventures on June 5, 2007.

However, WHH challenges whether the joint-ventures have title to the WHH brand. Application for arbitration of the dispute with Danone over the trademark had been made to the Hangzhou Arbitration Committee, and was accepted on June 17.

In August 2007, Hangzhou Wahaha Foods Co, the leading joint venture company, sued the State Trademark Bureau over what it claims was "improper administrative behavior" in 1996 and 1997. [ [http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222807.htm Trademark Body Sued in Latest Wahaha-Danone Twist] , "China Daily" September 1, 2007] However, the case was withdrawn because it fell outside the statute of limitations. [Ding Qi, [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007-11/06/content_6235139.htm Danone withdraws lawsuit against trademark authority] , China Daily, November 6, 2007]

Danone filed claims against 10 companies believed linked to Wahaha in Samoa and the British Virgin Islands. [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/21/content_7119173.htm Courts freeze 10 Wahaha units assets] , Xinhua, November 21, 2007] The High Court of the British Virgin Islands placed eight companies registered there into receivership and froze their assets on November 9. It was reported on November 22 that the assets of two Samoan registered entities were frozen and put into receivership under the order of the Supreme Court of SamoaThe eight BVI companies under Wahaha: Golden Dynasty Enterprise Ltd, Gold Factory Developments Ltd, Platinum Net Ltd, Sunworld Enterprises Ltd, Great Base International Ltd, Bountiful Gold Trading Ltd, Ever Maple Trading Ltd and Wintell Enterprises Ltd. The two Samoan entities: Mega Source Investments Ltd and Honour Bright Investments Ltd [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/21/content_7119173.htm Courts freeze 10 Wahaha units assets] , Xinhua, November 21, 2007] ; Danone won arbitration in Stockholm.

On November 10, the Hangzhou Arbitration Committee ruled on the technicality that Danone had failed to appeal against its decision not to approve the transfer within the allotted time [ [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iU9IFciKXoC_fmC6VNx9gmA3cSJA "France's Danone to appeal Wahaha brand decision"] , AFP, November 12, 2007] . The Wahaha labor union, citing fears of some 300 job-losses, also joined the legal fight against Danone. The union accused Danone of holding shares in companies that compete against the two big companies' 39 joint ventures [Elaine Kurtenbach, [http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5h3Doev2X40uGSSYCGE99V5w416iAD8TJ465G0 "Danone-Wahaha Joint Venture Row Drags On"] , Associated Press, 17 December 2007] .

On 21 December, under political pressure from the respective governments, Danone and the Chinese partner agreed to suspend their legal battle and resume negotiations. [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hq0szOGnaournWEI4rc6i8_BbhCA "Danone and Chinese partner Wahaha drop legal battle, return to talks"] , AFP, 21 December 2007] .

Reasons for the breakdown

Cultural issues

Whilst the surrender of 51% to tow foreign partners may have appeared not to interfere with control of the company, Zong resented the takeover of Wahaha by stealth. This is manifested in Zong's nationalistic defense against Danone. Zong occasionally used expressions like "unequal treaties", which are a throwback to the colonial era. However, the Chinese press points out that Zong employs offshore tax havens, and that his daughter is a resident in the United States.

The restrictions contained in contracts and regulations considerably cramped the entrepreneurial style of Zong, who complained of limits the control structure placed on him. "Most of the decisions had to be approved by Danone board members at board meetings once every quarter. How you want me to run the business under such conditions?" [ [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2007/07/08/2003368682 The self-made Chinese entrepreneur who refuses to back down] , AFP story, Taipei Times, Jul 08, 2007, Page 12] The greater maturity in the company has made Zong feel he needs his foreign partner less. [ [http://www.reuters.com/article/reutersEdge/idUSPEK22401820070618 Chinese partners mature, rocking JV status quo] , Reuters, Jun 18, 2007, Retrieved 2007-07-14]

Marketing strategy/investment issues

The differing marketing choices of the groups contributed to the conflict. Zong is resentful that Danone was happy just to sit back and collect money, and wanted to stop him from investing: "Whenever we wanted to expand the business, they said no. They refused to invest more. But they let us spend the money and then when the ventures made money they wanted in," he says.

Outside the joint venture structure were "a batch of companies which served the old impoverished areas of the west, and in the Three Gorges area. Danone had no desire to be there, but they turned out profitable".

"Future Cola" was another example: Zong decided to proceed with the launch of a cola in 1998, against the express wishes of Danone. It was tolerated because Qin Peng defended the contribution it made to the joint venture's profits.

Conflicts of interest

Zong now controls a significant number of companies which make and sell products competing with the joint venture in its markets. Amongst others, Zong controls Hangzhou Xiushan Shunfa Packaging Co. which makes WHH branded products, and WHHFBSC, which is a parallel distribution company.

Interpreting a clause in the JV agreement that the foreign partner must endeavour not to act in detriment to the interests of the JV, Zong is upset that Danone acquired sizeable stakes in many of its competitors, namely China Huiyuan Juice Group, Shenzhen Health Food, Bright Dairy & Food., and a 49% joint venture with Mengniu.

WHH principally objects to Danone's role as owner since 2001 of its largest competitor, Guangdong Robust Group (乐百氏(广东)饮用水有限公司), which is a 92% owned subsidiary, and Shanghai Aquarius Drinking Water Ltd (上海正广和饮用水有限责任公司), in which it holds 50%. [Wang Zhenghua, Firm plans lawsuit against Danone
China Daily, June 20, Accessed 2007-06-26] Zong protested to Danone in the year following Danone's acquisition of Robust, when Wahaha allegedly lost 80 million yuan (US$10.5 million). [ [http://www.reuters.com/article/consumerproducts-SP/idUSSHA26299820070627 Wahaha says no decision on possible suit vs Danone] , Reuters, Jun 27, 2007]

In July 2007, Shenyang Industrial Development Co. (沈阳陵东实业发展总公司), who holds a 5% stake in Shenyang Wahaha Drinks Co, filed in the local courts against Danone nominated director since 1996, Qin Peng (秦鹏), for being a Director of some twenty competing entities without board approval. [ [http://www.cctv.com/program/bizchina/20070711/103740.shtml Minority owners launch lawsuit against Danone] , CCTV.com, July 11, 2007, Retrieved 2007-07-14] [ [http://finance.sina.com.cn/chanjing/b/20070710/14573770710.shtml 娃哈哈起诉达能董事秦鹏 沈阳中院已受理] , 人民网, Sina.com, July 10, 2007, Retrieved 2007-07-14 zh icon]

The final straw

A Commerce Department official who was asked for comment said he believed the dispute was not inherently commercial nor contractual, but was more to do with "fault".

An article published in "Caijing" in May 2007 hinted that there may have been impropriety: Profits were siphoned off into factories and other external ventures in breach of the joint venture agreement; shareholdings were shuffled around to the detriment of other shareholders.

Although Danone may have offered to buy out the external ventures for the quoted ¥4 billion, this payment was considered an olive-branch to end the irregularities.签约与悔约(regrets) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon] In failing to obtain a follow-through, and in the light of a media assault by Zong, Danone had run out of options for an amicable solution to the dispute.达能这一刀总是要砍下去的 (Danone bites the bullet) [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute"] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon]

The dispute took on a personal dimension when Danone filed in Los Angeles against his wife and 25-year-old daughter, who represented interests which owned the external ventures. Zong accused Danone of trying to destroy his family.

Timeline

*March 28, 1996, joint venture agreement signed
*1998, Peregrine collapsed, Groupe DANONE becomes majority owner.
*December 2006, Danone and Zong allegedly signed a deal allowing Danone to buy out the companies "external" to the JV operations
*January, 2007 Zong denounces deal
*April 9, 2007 Danone sent a warning letter to the Chairman of the Wahaha joint ventures, giving 30 days for WHH to stop illegally selling products under "Wahaha" trademark without proper authorization
*April 11 Zong accuses Danone of "hostile takeover" of Wahaha
*May 9, Danone filed a suit in Stockholm.
*June 4, Danone filed suit in Los Angeles against several parties connected to Zong for damages of US$100 million.
*June 5, Zong resigned as Chairman of the joint ventures
*June 17, Hangzhou Arbitration Committee accepts application for arbitration
*June 22 Chinese partners on joint venture board refuse to endorse appointment of Emmanuel Faber as Chairman to replace Zong [ [http://english.people.com.cn/200706/22/eng20070622_386700.html Danone talks go nowhere] , People's Daily, June 22, 2007]
*July 12, lawyers representing Danone hold press conference accusing Zong of using forgery to set up offshore companies
*November 9, the High Court of the British Virgin Islands placed Golden Dynasty Enterprise Ltd, Gold Factory Developments Ltd, Platinum Net Ltd, Sunworld Enterprises Ltd, Great Base International Ltd, Bountiful Gold Trading Ltd, Ever Maple Trading Ltd and Wintell Enterprises Ltd. into receivership and froze their assets
*November 14 (or 21?), Mega Source Investments Ltd and Honour Bright Investments Ltd, were frozen and put into receivership by the Supreme Court of Samoa

References

ee also

* Britannia Industries

External links

* [http://en.wahaha.com.cn/ Wahaha official site]
* [http://www.caijing.com.cn/industry/other/2007-05-13/19400.shtml "Wahaha - atypical commercial dispute" (detailed analysis of the history of the JV)] , Caijing Issue 185, May 14, 2007 zh icon