Red Lady of Paviland

The Red Lady of Paviland is a fairly complete Upper Paleolithic-era human male skeleton dyed in red ochre, discovered in 1823 by Rev. William Buckland in one of the Paviland limestone caves of the Gower peninsula in south Wales, dating from c29,000 BP. [ [http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/science_technology/red+lady+skeleton+29000+years+old/979762] www.channel4.com, accessed August 3, 2008]

When Buckland first discovered the skeleton, he misjudged both its age and its sex. As a creationist, [ [http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/learning/pdfs/buckland.pdf] www.oum.ox.ac, accessed August 3, 2008] Buckland believed no human remains could have been older than the Biblical Great Flood, and thus wildly underestimated its true age, believing the remains to date back to the Roman era. Buckland believed the skeleton was female in large part because it was discovered with decorative items, including perforated seashell necklaces and ivory jewelry. These decorative items combined with the skeleton's red dye caused Buckland to mistakenly speculate that the remains belonged to a Roman prostitute or witch.

Later that year, writing about his find in his book "Reliquiae Diluvianae" (Evidence of the Flood), Buckland stated:

" [I found the skeleton] enveloped by a coating of a kind of ruddle ... which stained the earth, and in some parts extended itself to the distance of about half an inch [12 mm] around the surface of the bones ... Close to that part of the thigh bone where the pocket is usually worn surrounded also by ruddle [were] about two handfuls of the "Nerita littoralis" [periwinkle shells] . At another part of the skeleton, "viz" in contact with the ribs [were] forty or fifty fragments of ivory rods [also] some small fragments of rings made of the same ivory and found with the rods ... Both rods and rings, as well as the "Nerite" shells, were stained superficially with red, and lay in the same red substance that enveloped the bones."

The "lady" has since been identified as a man, probably no older than 21. His are the oldest anatomically modern human remains found in the United Kingdom, as well as the oldest known ceremonial burial in Western Europe. The skeleton was found along with a mammoth's skull, which has since been lost. Scholars now believe he may have been a tribal chieftain.Tests made in the 20th century suggested he lived about 26,000 years ago (26,350 ± 550 BP, OxA-1815) at the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period: however, a more recent examination of the remains by Dr Thomas Higham of Oxford University and Dr Roger Jacobi of the British Museum suggests they may be 4000 years older. [ author: Jacobi, R.M and Higham, T.F.G: ‘The ‘Red Lady’ ages gracefully: New Ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland,’ Journal of Human Evolution, 2008 ] . Although now on the coast, at the time of the burial the cave would have been located approximately 70 miles inland, overlooking a plain. When the remains were dated to some 26,000 years ago it was thought the Red Lady lived at a time when an ice sheet of the most recent glacial period, in the British Isles called the Devensian Glaciation, would have been advancing towards the site, and that consequently the weather would have been more like that of present day Siberia, with maximum temperatures of perhaps 10°C in summer, -20° in winter, and a tundra vegetation. The new dating however indicates he lived at a warmer period. Bone protein analysis indicates that the "lady" lived on a diet that consisted of between 15% and 20% fish, which, together with the distance from the sea, suggests that the people may have been semi-nomadic, or that the tribe transported the body from a coastal region for burial. Other food probably included mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros and reindeer.

When the skeleton was first found, Wales had no museum in which to keep it; instead, it was housed at Oxford University, where Buckland was a professor. In December 2007 it was loaned for a year to the National Museum Cardiff. Subsequent excavations of the area in which the skeleton was found have yielded more than 4,000 flints, teeth and bones, and needles and bracelets, which are on exhibit at Swansea Museum and the National Museum in Cardiff.

References

*Jacobi, R.M and Higham, T.F.G: ‘The ‘Red Lady’ ages gracefully: New Ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland,’ Journal of Human Evolution, 2008

ee also

*Aurignacian culture
*Cro-Magnon
*Geology of the United Kingdom

External links

* [http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba61/feat3.shtml British Archaeology magazine, Oct. 2001, "Great Sites: Paviland Cave"]
* [http://www.explore-gower.co.uk/Content/pa=showpage/pid=33.html Paviland Cave - Explore Gower]
* [http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=15015937&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=campaign-to-bring--red-lady--back-to-swansea-after--180-years-name_page.html Campaign to return the "Red Lady" to Wales]
* [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?thold=-1&mode=flat&order=0&sid=4450 Geographical location of the cave where the remains were found]
* [http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/collect/geology.htm Oxford University Museum's geology collection]
* [http://www.phancocks.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/naturalhistory/devensian.htm Devensian Glaciation]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7132451.stm BBC Wales: Ancient skeleton goes on display]
* [http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/earliest_burial.html: Press release re publication of report on new dating]
* [http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item10/8642 Paviland Cave from Gathering the Jewels]