- Isotopes of phosphorus
Although
phosphorus (P) has multipleisotope s, only one of these isotopes is stable 31P; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element.
Standard atomic mass: 30.973762(2) uRadioactive
isotope s of phosphorus include:
* 32P; a beta-emitter (1.71 MeV) with ahalf-life of 14.3 days which is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produceradiolabel edDNA andRNA probe s, "e.g." for use inNorthern blot s orSouthern blot s. Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrateskin andcornea s, and because any 32P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated intobone andnucleic acid s,OSHA requires that alab coat , disposable gloves, andsafety glasses orgoggle s be worn when working with 32P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes.Fact|date=May 2008Monitor ing personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials ("e.g."lead ), gives rise to secondary emission ofX-ray s via a process known asBremsstrahlung , meaningbraking radiation . Therefore shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, "e.g."Plexiglas ,Lucite ,plastic ,wood , orwater . [http://www.oseh.umich.edu/TrainP32.pdf]
* 33P; a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing.Table
Notes
* Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
* Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.References
* Isotope masses from [http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/amdc/index.html Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation] by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in "Nuclear Physics" A729 (2003).
* Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from [http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2003/7506/7506x0683.html Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)] . "Pure Appl. Chem." Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and [http://www.iupac.org/news/archives/2005/atomic-weights_revised05.html Atomic Weights Revised (2005)] .
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
** Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. [http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties] , Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
** National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the [http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ NuDat 2.1 database] (retrieved Sept. 2005).
** David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition", online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.External links
* [http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/P_iso.htm Phosphorus isotopes data from "The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's"]
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