Ovarian follicle atresia

Ovarian follicle atresia

Ovarian follicle atresia is the periodic process in which immature ovarian follicles degenerate and are subsequently re-absorbed during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Typically around 20 follicles mature each month and only a single follicle is ovulated. The rest undergo atresia. That single dominant follicle becomes a corpus luteum following ovulation.[1][2][3][4]

Atresia is a hormonally controlled apoptotic process[5] that depends dominantly on granulosa cell apoptosis.

To date, at least five cell-death ligand-receptor systems have been reported in granulosa cells to play a role in atresia regulation [6][7][3]. They are:

  • tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and receptors
  • Fas ligand and receptors[2]
  • TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; also called APO-2) and receptors
  • APO-3 ligand and receptors
  • PFG-5 ligand and receptors

In addition, two intracellular inhibitor proteins, cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein short form (cFLIPS) and long form (cFLIPL), which were strongly expressed in granulosa cells, may act as anti-apoptotic factors.

It has been proposed that enhanced levels of Nitrogen oxide in rats can prevent atresia of the ovarian follicle, and depressed levels have the opposite effect.[8]

References

  1. ^ Rolaki A, Drakakis P, Millingos S, Loutradis D, Makrigiannakis A (July 2005). "Novel trends in follicular development, atresia and corpus luteum regression: a role for apoptosis". Reprod. Biomed. Online 11 (1): 93–103. doi:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61304-1. PMID 16102296. http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=1472-6483&volume=11&issue=1&spage=93&aulast=Rolaki. 
  2. ^ a b Manabe N, Matsuda-Minehata F, Goto Y, et al (July 2008). "Role of cell death ligand and receptor system on regulation of follicular atresia in pig ovaries". Reprod. Domest. Anim.. 43 Suppl 2: 268–72. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01172.x. PMID 18638134. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0936-6768&date=2008&volume=43&issue=&spage=268. 
  3. ^ a b Manabe N, Goto Y, Matsuda-Minehata F, et al (October 2004). "Regulation mechanism of selective atresia in porcine follicles: regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis during atresia" (– Scholar search). J. Reprod. Dev. 50 (5): 493–514. doi:10.1262/jrd.50.493. PMID 15514456. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/jrd/50.493?from=PubMed. [dead link]
  4. ^ Hsueh AJ, Billig H, Tsafriri A (December 1994). "Ovarian follicle atresia: a hormonally controlled apoptotic process". Endocr. Rev. 15 (6): 707–24. PMID 7705278. http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7705278. 
  5. ^ Kaipia A, Hsueh AJ (1997). "Regulation of ovarian follicle atresia". Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59 (1): 349–63. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.349. PMID 9074768. http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.349?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 
  6. ^ Matsuda-Minehata F, Goto Y, Inoue N, Manabe N (October 2005). "Changes in expression of anti-apoptotic protein, cFLIP, in granulosa cells during follicular atresia in porcine ovaries". Mol. Reprod. Dev. 72 (2): 145–51. doi:10.1002/mrd.20349. PMID 16010689. 
  7. ^ Matsuda F, Inoue N, Goto Y, et al (October 2008). "cFLIP regulates death receptor-mediated apoptosis in an ovarian granulosa cell line by inhibiting procaspase-8 cleavage" (– Scholar search). J. Reprod. Dev. 54 (5): 314–20. doi:10.1262/jrd.20051. PMID 18603835. http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/jrd/20051?from=PubMed. [dead link]
  8. ^ Najati V, Ilkhanipour M, Salehi S, Sadeghi-Hashjin G (January 2008). "Role of nitric oxide on the generation of atretic follicles in the rat ovaries". Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 11 (2): 250–4. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2008.250.254. PMID 18817198. 



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