Borneo–Philippine languages

Borneo–Philippines
Outer Hesperonesian Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian
Geographic distribution:	Southeast Asia and Madagascar
Linguistic classification:	Austronesian Paiwanic Malayo-Polynesian Borneo–Philippines
Subdivisions:	Philippine North Bornean Sama–Bajaw Land Dayak Kayan West Barito Mahakam East Barito
The Borneo–Philippines languages (red). Not shown: Yami in Taiwan.

The Borneo–Philippines languages are a paraphyletic group of the Austronesian languages which includes the languages of the Philippines, Borneo, the northern peninsula of Sulawesi and Madagascar.

In this classification, the previously posited clade of Western Malayo-Polynesian, also known as Hesperonesian, has been broken up into "outer" (Borneo–Philippines) and "inner" (Sunda–Sulawesi) clades and Western Malayo-Polynesian is considered a geographic term . These are both remnant groups: the Borneo–Philippine languages are those Malayo-Polynesian languages which are not included in Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian and the Sunda–Sulawesi languages are those Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages which are not included in Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Indeed, a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database supported at a 98% confidence level that the Bornean languages, regardless of whether they themselves are a valid unit, form an exclusive unit with Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian, whereas Sama–Bajaw is more closely related to the Philippine languages.

References

• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
• K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.