Orthohalarachne

Orthohalarachne attenuata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Arachnida
Subclass:	Acari
Order:	Mesostigmata
Family:	Halarachnidae
Genus:	Orthohalarachne Newell, 1947
Species:	O. attenuata
Binomial name
Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1901)

Orthohalarachne attenuata (family: Halarachnidae) is a species of mite normally found in the nasal passages of fur seals, sea lions, and walruses. In seals, the mites can be both prevalent (almost every single seal has them) and abundant (more than 1000 mites per seal). Although clinical observations and gross examination indicate that O. attenuata parasitization alone is not serious, some erosion and inflammation of the nasal turbinates and nasopharynx in seals has been observed in histological sections.^[1] If concomitant parasitization with O. attenuata and O. diminuta occurs, alveolar emphysema and more serious ailments can threaten the life of the mammal.

Morphology

Mature mites are shown to be elongated in the posterior part of body to form a club-shape with the rounded posterior extremity. Ten to twelve transverse rows of 8 to 12 sharp denticules and a few rows of minute spines are present on the ventral surface of the capitulum and the posterior surface of coxa III, respectively.

Transmission

The usual mode of host-to-host transmission by Orthohalarachne is thought to be accomplished by active larvae that crawl or are sneezed from one animal to another. Both males and females are relatively non-motile and have well developed claws from maintaining their position in the nares.^[2]

Prevalence and pathology

There is almost 100% prevalence of infestation of the nasal mite in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) on the Pribilof Islands. Mucosal erosion was observed in the nasal turbinates as well as the nasopharynx.^[1] Based on clinical observation, the effects of the mite are of minor impairment, however, heavy infection have been shown to lead to more serious problems, such as impairment of respiration, lesions in the lungs and secondary alveolar emphysems.^[3]

Human incidences

The first known human incidence of transmission from walrus to human happened at Sea World in San Diego, California. A 35 year old Caucasian man recalled seeing the walruses spitting and snorting, and later feeling irritation in his eye. Three days after his visit to Sea World, the mite specimen was discovered and recovered from the lower part of his ocular iris.^[4] Pathological changes in the affected areas by the mites were a marked abrasion of the mucosa and destruction and necrosis of the deeply placed tissues by the action of the legs, palps and chelicerae of the mites.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} J. S. Dunlap & R. C. Piperli (1976). "Lesions associated with Orthohalarachne attenuata (Halarachnidae) in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12 (1): 42–44. http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/42. 
2. ^ Deane P. Furman & Alvin W. Smith (1973). "In vitro development of two species of Orthohalarachne (Acarina: Halarachnidae) and adaptations of the life cycle for endoparasitism in mammals". Journal of Medical Entomology 10 (4): 415–416. PMID 4744046. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/jme/1973/00000010/00000004/art00020. 
3. ^ Ke Chung Kim, Verda L. Haas & Mark C. Keyes (1980). "Populations, microhabitat preference and effects of infestation of two species of Orthohalarachne (Halarachnidae: Acarina) in the northern fur seal". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 16 (1): 45–51. PMID 4744046. http://www.jwildlifedis.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/45. 
4. ^ James P. Webb, Jr., Deane P. Furman & Samuel Wang (1985). "A unique case of human ophthalmic acariasis caused by Orthohalarachne attenuata (Banks, 1910) (Acari: Halarachnidae)". The Journal of Parasitology 71 (3): 388–389. JSTOR 3282030.