Robert Kermit Red Star Line

Not to be confused with Red Star Line.

Housflag of the Red Star (packet) Line when it was established and run by the New York firm of Byrnes, Trimble & Co., 1818-1835^[1].

Houseflag of Robert Kermit's Red Star Line (aka Kermit Line), 1835-1867.^[2][3].

In 1818 the Red Star Line (also known as Red Star Packet Line, New Line, and Second Line) was founded by Byrnes, Trimble & Co. from New York.^[4][5] (It should not be confused with the same-named Belgian/US-American shipping company Red Star Line, whose main ports of call were New York City and Philadelphia in the United States and Antwerp in Belgium). On September 11, 1835 the line was bought by Robert Kermit from New York,^[4] a ship-owner and agent for packet ships, and was renamed Robert Kermits Red Star Line (aka Kermit Line). In 1851 Robert Kermit took his brother-in-law Charles Carow into partnership as Kermit & Carow to carry on the business of general ship owning, commission and commercial trading.^[6] Robert Kermit died in 1855 and Carow assumed the business. In 1867 the Red Star Line went down.^[7]

Establishment

In August 1817^[4] Thomas S. Byrnes, George T. Trimble and Silas Wood^[8] established Byrnes, Trimble & Co. This was some years before the opening of the Erie Canal, when the chief supplies of breadstuffs for this market came from Pennsylvania and Virginia, and the firm, for some years engaged in the Chesapeake trade^[9], was among the largest receivers of flour and grain from there^[4]. Silas Wood was by birth a New Yorker but he resided at the city of Fredericksburg upon the Rappahannock River to promote that part of the business^[8]. The partners also became owners and managers of several merchant ships, and in late 1818 established the Red Star Line of packet ships^[4].

Regularly scheduled sailings

The first line of regular packet ships between New York and Liverpool, the Black Ball Line was established in 1817 by Isaac Wright & Son (William), Jeremiah and Francis Thompson as well as Benjamin Marshall^[10], and made semi-monthly sailings for Liverpool^[11][4]. The initial announcement of new competition for the Black Ball Line (now also called the Old Line) came in early January, 1822, from Byrnes, Trimble & Co. and their Red Star Line (aka New Line)^[9]. Since the partners had been operating ordinary traders to Liverpool for a few years, they finally decided to start a regularly scheduled line traffic with four packet ships between New York and Liverpool: the Panthea, Meteor, Hercules and the Manhattan^[12]. The monthly service included sailings from New York on the 25th and from Liverpool on the 12th of each month. In 1823, the dates were changed to the 24th and 8th^[9]. Soon other South Street merchants launched competing lines to race against the Black Ball Line, and the Red Star Line finally was called the Second Line instead of the New Line. The names of the lines were somewhat confusing and mixed, as their organizations and owners changed during the years. The classification above is adequate for what has been used by Albion^[13] and Staff^[14]. Within the following years, new ships were added to the Red Star Line-fleet, for example the John Wells and John Jay which was replaced by England in 1834. The new vessels were not necessarily faster than the old ones, but they were certainly more attractive from the passenger's point of view^[15].

Thomas S. Byrnes died in 1828, but the business was continued under the name Byrnes, Trimble & Co. until 1831. When Silas Wood returned to New York to take an active share in its management, the name became Wood & Trimble, and so continued until its final dissolution, September 11, 1835, after the sale of their shipping interest to Robert Kermit^[4].

Robert Kermit

Map of the Port of New York on the south tip of Manhattan Island in 1851. Heavy broken line marks the waterfront below City Hall park in 1784. Area filled in prior to 1820. The docks of the Red Star Line are in the middle of the figure.

Robert Kermit (1794-1855), who gained a mercantile training in the shipping house of William Codman, and who went into own business in 1817^[6], already owned the Saint Line in his earlier years, but was not successful^[16]. With the help of some wealthy backers, he finally took over the owner ship of the Red Star Line in 1835. Unlike other operators, Kermit owned shares in all the ships of the line, while the rest of them were mainly owned by various ship builders and ship captains^[7]. Under the Kermit management, several misadventures and shipwrecks occurred, but in the quality of the ships, and their speed and regularity, the performance of Red Star Line was still better than it had been before. A list of ships, that finally sailed under the flag of the Red Star Line: John R. Skeddy (1845), West Point (1847), Constellation (1849), Underwriter (1850) and Waterloo^[17]. Other ships of Robert Kermits Red Star Line were: John Wells, England, Empire, Virginian, Samuel Hicks, Stephen Whitney, United States^[18] as well as Sheffield^[19].

In the pressure of hard competition, packet schedules were tightened when reorganizing sailings due to disasters, new launchings, etc. In 1844-1848, several ships made three-month round trips instead of the traditional four months, calculated from one Liverpool departure to the following one. The West Point (1847) (built by Westervelt & MacKay), the Waterloo and especially the Virginian were among the fastest on the North Atlantic route^[20]. But the Virginian also was one of the most susceptible ships and often ended in reporting problems and misadventures.

For many years, Kermit operated the line in his own name (it was often called Kermit Line too) but since 1851 he was associated with his brother-in-law, Charles Carow (father of Edith Kermit Carow, who became Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt)^[21]. After Robert Kermits death in 1855, Carow assumed the business, but faced a disastrous drop in income^[22] and immense losses during the postwar slump (after the end of the American Civil War in 1865). Another reason for closing was simply that steamships had taken the business, first the mail service and the fine freight, and by the late 1860s, also the emigrant business. All the American sailing packet lines closed down by 1880. Red Star Line continued their service until 1867^[7].

Notes

1. ^ A picture of the houseflag can be found on the "flagspot.net" website. Accessed 30 march 2009.
2. ^ Ships and shipping of old New York (1915) by the Bank of the Manhattan Company, page 42 (description of the flag)
3. ^ A picture of the houseflag can be found on the "Flags of the world" website. Accessed 16 march 2009. The source is a chart in Private Signals of the Merchants of New York. A reprint of this chart can be found in the book The Clipper Ships from A.B. Whipple
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Portrait gallery of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York: catalogue and biographical sketches (1890), by George Wilson, pages 206-208.
5. ^ In many publications like Ships and shipping of old New York (1915) by the Bank of the Manhattan Company (page 39) it is said, that the Red Star Line was established in 1821/22, which actually is not entirely accurate. Byrnes, Trimble & Co. was founded in August 1817 and the Red Star Line in 1818. In 1821 they planned and in January 1822 they started regularly scheduled sailings.
6. ^ ^{a b} Biographical register of Saint Andrew's society of the state of New York (1922) by William M. MacBean, page 169/170.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Across the Oceans by Seija-Riitta Laakso
8. ^ ^{a b} The old merchants of New York City (1863) by Joseph Alfred Scoville, page 215/216.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Across the Oceans by Seija-Riitta Laakso, page 41.
10. ^ Across the Oceans by Seija-Riitta Laakso, page 37.
11. ^ Friends of the City of New York in the Nineteenth Century (1904) by William Henry S. Wood, privately printed, page 15.
12. ^ "eraoftheclipperships.com". Accessed 30 March 2009.
13. ^ Square-Riggers on Schedule. The New York Sailing Packets to England, France, and the Cotton Ports by Robert Greenhalgh Albion, Princeton 1938.
14. ^ The Transatlantic Mail by Frank Staff, Massachusetts 1980.
15. ^ Across the Oceans by Seija-Riitta Laakso, page 50.
16. ^ The old merchants of New York City (1863) by Joseph Alfred Scoville, page 26/27.
17. ^ Article Days of the Old Packet in the "New York Daily Times" from December 13, 1891. A transcribed version of this article can be found on "theshipslist.com". Both websites accessed 28 March 2009.
18. ^ Across the Oceans by Seija-Riitta Laakso, page 357.
19. ^ The old merchants of New York City (1863) by Joseph Alfred Scoville, page 358.
20. ^ Square-riggers on schedule by Robert Greenhalgh Albion, page 276-281, ASIN: B0006AO5QE
21. ^ Biography of the First Lady Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt "White House" in Washington. Accessed 16 March 2009.
22. ^ Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady by Sylvia J. Morris, page 20.

Literature

• Albion, Robert Greenhalgh: Square-Riggers on Schedule. The New York Sailing Packets to England, France, and the Cotton Ports, Princeton 1938. ASIN B0006AO5QE
• Staff, Frank: The Transatlantic Mail, Massachusetts 1980. ISBN 978-0-88000-113-7
• Scoville, Joseph Alfred (Barrett, Walter = pseud.): The old merchants of New York City (1863), ISBN 0543790002, ISBN 978-0543790002
• Laakso, Seija-Riitta: Across the Oceans (academic dissertation, University of Helsinki, Finland), ISBN 9789517469043, ISBN 952-10-3559-5
• Morris, Sylvia J.: Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: Portrait of a First Lady, ISBN 0375757686, ISBN 0-375-75768-6, ISBN 9780375757686