N-group (finite group theory)

In mathematical finite group theory, an N-group is a group all of whose local subgroups (that is, the normalizers of nontrivial p-subgroups) are solvable groups. The non-solvable ones were classified by Thompson during his work on finding all the minimal finite simple groups.

Simple N-groups

The simple N-groups were classified by John Thompson (1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1974b) in a series of 6 papers totaling about 400 pages.

The simple N-groups consist of the special linear groups PSL₂(q),PSL₃(3), the Suzuki groups Sz(2²ⁿ⁺¹), the unitary group U₃(3), the alternating group A₇, the Mathieu group M₁₁, and the Tits group. (The Tits group was overlooked in Thomson's original announcement in 1963, which was made before the discovery of the Tits group, but Hearn pointed out that it was also a simple N-group.) More generally Thompson showed that any non-solvable N-group is a subgroup of Aut(G) containing G for some simple N-group G.

Gorenstein & Lyons (1976) generalized Thompson's theorem to the case of groups where all 2-local subgroups are solvable. The only extra simple groups that appear are the unitary group U₃(q).

Proof

Gorenstein (1980, 16.5) gives a summary of Thompson's classification of N-groups.

The primes dividing the order of the group are divided into four classes π₁, π₂, π₃, π₄ as follows

• π₁ is the set of primes p such that a Sylow p-subgroup is nontrivial and cyclic.
• π₂ is the set of primes p such that a Sylow p-subgroup P is non-cyclic but SCN₃(P) is empty
• π₃ is the set of primes p such that a Sylow p-subgroup P has SCN₃(P) nonempty and normalizes a nontrivial abelian subgroup of order prime to p.
• π₄ is the set of primes p such that a Sylow p-subgroup P has SCN₃(P) nonempty but does not normalize a nontrivial abelian subgroup of order prime to p.

The proof is subdivided into several cases depending on which of these four classes the prime 2 belongs to, and also on an integer e, which is the largest integer for which there is an elementary abelian subgroup of rank e normalized by a nontrivial 2-subgroup intersecting it trivially.

• Thompson (1968) Gives a general introduction, stating the main theorem and proving many preliminary lemmas.
• Thompson (1970) characterizes the groups E₂(3) and S₄(3) (in Thompson's notation; these are the exceptional group G₂(3) and the symplectic group Sp₄(3)) which are not N-groups but whose characterizations are needed in the proof of the main theorem.
• Thompson (1971) covers the case where 2∉π₄. Theorem 11.2 shows that if 2∈π₂ then the group is PSL₂(q), M₁₁, A₇, U₃(3), or PSL₃(3). The possibility that 2∈π₃ is ruled out by showing that any such group must be a C-group and using Suzuki's classification of C-groups to check that none of the groups found by Suzuki satisfy this condition.
• Thompson (1973) and Thompson (1974) cover the cases when 2∈π₄ and e≥3, or e=2. He shows that either G is a C-group so a Suzuki group, or satisfies his characterization of the groups E₂(3) and S₄(3) in his second paper, which are not N-groups.
• Thompson (1974) covers the case when 2∈π₄ and e=1, where the only possibilities are that G is a C-group or the Tits group

Consequences

A minimal simple group is a non-cyclic simple group all of whose proper subgroups are solvable. The complete list of minimal finite simple groups is given as follows Thompson (1968, corollary 1)

• PSL₂(2^p), p a prime.
• PSL₂(3^p), p an odd prime.
• PSL₂(p), p > 3 a prime congruent to 2 or 3 mod 5
• Sz(2^p), p an odd prime.
• PSL₃(3)

In other words a non-cyclic finite simple group must have a subquotient isomorphic to one of these groups.

References

• Gorenstein, D.; Lyons, Richard (1976), "Nonsolvable finite groups with solvable 2-local subgroups", Journal of Algebra 38 (2): 453–522, doi:10.1016/0021-8693(76)90233-7, ISSN 0021-8693, MR0407128 
• Gorenstein, D. (1980), Finite Groups, New York: Chelsea, ISBN 978-0-8284-0301-6, MR81b:20002 
• Thompson, John G. (1968), "Nonsolvable finite groups all of whose local subgroups are solvable", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 74: 383–437, doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1968-11953-6, ISSN 0002-9904, MR0230809, http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1968-74-03/S0002-9904-1968-11953-6/home.html 
• Thompson, John G. (1970), "Nonsolvable finite groups all of whose local subgroups are solvable. II", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 33: 451–536, ISSN 0030-8730, MR0276325, http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102976977 
• Thompson, John G. (1971), "Nonsolvable finite groups all of whose local subgroups are solvable. III", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 39: 483–534, ISSN 0030-8730, MR0313378, http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102969573 
• Thompson, John G. (1973), "Nonsolvable finite groups all of whose local subgroups are solvable. IV", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 48: 511–592, ISSN 0030-8730, MR0369512, http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102945433 
• Thompson, John G. (1974), "Nonsolvable finite groups all of whose local subgroups are solvable. V", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 50: 215–297, ISSN 0030-8730, MR0369512, http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102913706 
• Thompson, John G. (1974), "Nonsolvable finite groups all of whose local subgroups are solvable. VI", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 51: 573–630, ISSN 0030-8730, MR0369512, http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102912481