Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari

Woodcut of a scene from Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari.

Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari (浜松中納言物語^?), also known as Mitsu no Hamamatsu (御津の浜松^?), is an eleventh century Japanese monogatari that tells about a chūnagon who discovers his father has been reborn as a Chinese prince. He visits his reincarnated father in China and falls in love with the Hoyang Consort, consort to the Chinese Emperor and mother to his reincarnated father. It is told in six chapters, but the first has been lost to antiquity.^[1]

The tale was written by a female author who employed several exotic locations in the work.^[2] The author considers the love between a parent and a child to be "deeper, lasting and more tender" than a romantic love between a man and a woman,^[3] which follows traditional virtues of filial piety.^[4]

Plot

Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari is the tale of a chūnagon who lost his father when he was very young. His mother marries a widower with two daughters and he fell in love with the older daughter, Taishō no Kimi. The Chūnagon learns in a dream that his father has been reincarnated as the Third Prince of the Emperor of China, and he sets out on a three year trip to meet his father. Taishō no Kimi conceives a child with him as he leaves for China and upsets her father's plans for a good match for her, becoming a nun instead. The Chūnagon becomes the darling of the Chinese court, and falls in love with the mother of his father's reincarnation, the half-Japanese Hoyang Consort. She bears him a son, who he brings back to Japan to live with the Hoyang Consort's mother, the Yoshino Nun. After the Yoshino Nun passes away, Chūnagon takes her daughter, the Yoshino Princess, into his care, although a seer urges him to avoid marriage with her. Chūnagon dreams of the Hoyang Consort being very sick, and soon he is told by a spirit that she died and is now in Trayastrimsa, a Buddhist heaven. The Yoshino Princess is kidnapped by the Crown Prince, and is impregnated by him. The Hoyang Consort appears to Chūnagon in a dream, and tells him that her spirit now lives in the Yoshino Princess's unborn child. The Yoshino Princess is returned to Chūnagon.

Characters

• Hamamatsu Chūnagon - described as being hapless in love, like Kaoru Genji of The Tale of Genji, but slightly more successful.^[5]
• Hoyang Consort or T'ang Consort - the half-Japanese wife of the Emperor of China, mother to the Chūnagon's reincarnated father.
• Taishō no Kimi - the Chūnagon's older stepsister and lover, she conceives a child with him as he leaves for China and upsets her father's plans for a good match for her. She becomes a nun. After Hamamatsu Chūnagon returns, they live together in a "chaste yet idyllic" relationship, described as a "reworking" of the relationship between Kaoru and Ōigimi.^[6]
• Yoshino Nun - the Japanese mother of the Hoyang Consort.
• Yoshino Princess - daughter of the Yoshino Nun, half-sister of the Hoyang Consort.
• Wakagimi - son of the Chūnagon and the Hoyang Consort.
• Crown Prince - the Chūnagon's rival.

Authorship

Authorship of the tale has been traditionally ascribed to Sugawara no Takasue no musume, the author of Sarashina Nikki. The tale was probably finished from the 1060s to the 1070s, and no copies of the first chapter exist.^[7]

Reception

The Mumyōzōshi, written by a female author between 1200 and 1202,^[8] which critiques various Heian tales,^[9] criticises the tale for the too-soon rebirth of the Hoyang Consort into the human world, when a soul is meant to remain in Trayastrimsa for a long time.^[10]

Unlike The Tale of Genji and Sagoromo Monogatari, Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari does not pay much attention to the seasons or "the atmosphere of the time of day".^[11]

Shūichi Katō describes the plot as "totally divorced from reality", due to its use of dreams.^[4] Dreams are a staple plot device in Heian tales, and they are an especially important part of the plot in Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari. The author's use of dreams "suggests considerable sophistication of narrative technique" to Harries.^[12]

Katō criticises the characterisation, saying that the events are so unusual that the characters "become puppets", buffeted around by the author. In one example, Katō found it "difficult to the point of impossibility" to guess the emotions of the Hamamatsu Chunagon on meeting his reincarnated father.^[4] Videen also criticises the characterisation – Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari takes place over six years, not a lifetime, as in Genji, but even so she considers the character of the Hamamatsu Chunagon to be "much the same" at the close of the tale as at the beginning, and the female characters to be "flat".^[7]

The relationships in Hamamatsu have parallels in Genji - the love triangle between the Chunagon, the Yoshino Princess and the Crown Prince is like that between Kaoru, Ukifune and Prince Niou. Also, for the Chunagon, the Yoshino Princess is a replacement love for the Hoyang Consort, her close relative. This is similar to Genji's relationship with Murasaki, after his relationship with her aunt Fujitsubo.^[10] The Hoyang Consort's uneasy relationship with other consorts of the Chinese Emperor is considered similar to the relationship between Kiritsubo Consort, Genji's mother, and the other consorts of the Emperor.^[7] Several monogatari motifs are present in the tale. The author of the Mumyozoshi considers these familiar motifs as satisfying, although later generations would consider these derivative.^[7] Although the tale is considered less accomplished than The Tale of Genji, it illuminates the way Japanese literature developed after The Tale of Genji.^[7]

Translations

Thomas H. Rohlich translated the tale as A Tale of Eleventh Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari in 1983, including a summary of the missing first chapter.^[12] Rabinovich praises his introduction as "informative and scholarly", but criticises it for suggesting but not discussing the topic of "the intrinsic value of the work".^[10] Videen regrets that the many tanka (short poems) in the work were not discussed more fully in the introduction.^[7]

Adaptations

The dream and reincarnation themes of Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari inspired Yukio Mishima's Spring Snow, and a former teacher of his had recently released an edition of Hamamatsu as Mishima began work on Spring Snow.^[13] The tale was also adapted for the stage by the Takarazuka Revue in 2005, under the name 睡れる月 (Sleeping Moon).^[14]

See also

• Torikaebaya Monogatari – a later tale with similar themes.

References

1. ^ Iwao, Seiichi; Teizō Iyanaga, Maison franco-japonaise Tōkyō, Susumu Ishii, Shōichirō Yoshida (2002) (in French). Dictionnaire historique du Japon. Maisonneuve & Larose. pp. 872–873. ISBN 9782706815751. 
2. ^ Gatten, Aileen (February 1984). "Untitled Review". The Journal of Asian Studies 43 (2): 336–339. 
3. ^ Hochstedler, Carol (Winter 1983). "Untitled Review". Monumenta Nipponica 38 (4): 429–431. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} Katō, Shūichi; Sanderson, Don (1997). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times (2 ed.). Routledge. pp. 81–82. ISBN 9781873410486. 
5. ^ Richards, Kenneth L. (Autumn 1984). "Untitled Review". Pacific Affairs 57 (3): 508–509. 
6. ^ Sarra, Edith (1999). Fictions of femininity: literary inventions of gender in Japanese court women's memoirs. Stanford University Press. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780804733786. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Videen, Susan (Winter 1984). "Untitled Review". Journal of Japanese Studies 10 (1): 219–226. 
8. ^ Kubota (2007:341-342)
9. ^ Mulhern, Chieko Irie (1994). Japanese Women Writers: A Bio-critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-0-313-25486-4. 
10. ^ ^{a b c} Rabinovich, Judith N. (November 1983). "Untitled Review". The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 18 (2): 211–221. 
11. ^ Miner, Earl; Odagiri, Hiroko; Morrell, Robert E.; (1988). The Princeton Companion to Classical Japanese Literature (2 ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 238–242. ISBN 978-0-691-00825-7. 
12. ^ ^{a b} Harries, Philip (1985). "Untitled Review". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 48 (2): 397–398. 
13. ^ Pollack, David (December 1988). "Wang Wei in Kamakura: A Consideration of The Structural Poetics of Mishima's Spring Snow". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (Harvard-Yenching Institute) 48 (2): 383–402. doi:10.2307/2719315. JSTOR 2719315. 
14. ^ http://www.tca-pictures.net/shop/cgi-bin/item_seek.cgi?goods_code=TCAD-061

Bibliography

• Kubota, Jun (2007) (in Japanese). Iwanami Nihon Koten Bungaku Jiten. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 978-4-00-080310-6. 

Further reading

• Endō, Yoshimoto; Satoshi Matsuo (1964) (in Japanese). Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 77: Takamura Monogatari, Heichū Monogatari, Hamamatsu Chūnagon Monogatari. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-060077-X. 
• Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten: Kan'yakuban. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten. 1986. ISBN 4-00-080067-1. 
• Kawai, Hayao (1996). "Dreams in the Hamamatsu chunagon monogatari and the Sarashina nikki" (in Japanese). Nihon Kenkyū 15. http://202.231.40.34/jpub/pdf/js/IN1503.pdf. 
• Rohlich, Thomas H. (translator) (1983). A Tale of Eleventh Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691053776.