Zopherus

Zopherus
Zopherus chilensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Zopheridae
Genus:	Zopherus Gray, 1832
Type species
Zopherus mexicanus Gray, 1832

Zopherus is a genus of beetles comprising 19 species. They live in North and Central America and are adapted to wood-boring. Some species are used as living brooches.

Distribution

Bejewelled zopherid beetles

Species of Zopherus only live in the Americas, where they are distributed from Venezuela to the southern United States.^[1] Ten species live in the United States,^[1] five of them in California.^[2]

Description

Members of the genus are long and cylindrical, with very thick exoskeletons. Indeed, the elytra are so thick that it is often necessary to drill a hole in them in order to mount specimens.^[3] Species living north of the Rio Grande are almost all uniformly black in colour, while the tropical species are almost all strongly patterned in contrasting black and white. The animal's head is largely hidden by the thorax. The elytra are fused together, rendering Zopherus species unable to fly.^[3] Some species are used as living brooches.^[4]

Ecology

Zopherus species are adapted for boring into wood, some species even being reported to bore into sound wood, rather than only dead wood.^[4] Z. tristis lives under the bark of the desert tamarisk in the Colorado Desert, while Z. granicollis bores into the root crowns of Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and single-leaf pine (Pinus monophylla).^[2]

Taxonomy

The genus Zopherus encompasses species previously referred to three other genera: Megazopherus, Zopherinus and Zopherodes. Many of the species have also been known by a number of taxonomic synonyms.^[3] The genus was initially erected in 1832 by George Robert Gray, using the spelling Zopheros. This was later emended by Laporte de Castelnau to the more usual transliteration Zopherus; the authorship should nonetheless ascribed to Gray, and not to Laporte, as many authors have done.^[3]

Etymology

The name Zopherus is from the Greek: zopher, meaning "dusky" or "gloomy".^[1]

Species

Charles A. Triplehorn recognised 19 species in his 1972 monograph:^[3]

• Zopherus chilensis Gray, 1832
• Zopherus nervosus Solier, 1841
• Zopherus nodulosus Solier, 1841
• Zopherus jourdani Sallé, 1849
• Zopherus jansoni Champion, 1884
• Zopherus mexicanus Gray, 1832
• Zopherus angulicollis Champion, 1884
• Zopherus laevicollis Colier, 1841
• Zopherus xestus Triplehorn, 1972
• Zopherus solieri Triplehorn, 1972
• Zopherus championi Triplehorn, 1972
• Zopherus tristis LeConte, 1851
• Zopherus concolor LeConte, 1851
• Zopherus gracilis Horn, 1867
• Zopherus uteanus (Casey, 1907)
• Zopherus granicollis Horn, 1885
• Zopherus opacus Horn, 1867
• Zopherus elegans Horn, 1870
• Zopherus sanctaehelenae (Blaisdell, 1931)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Mike Quinn (September 6, 2008). "Southwestern Ironclad Beetle Zopherus nodulosus haldemani Horn". Texas Beetle Information. http://www.texasento.net/Ironclad.html. Retrieved March 31, 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Arthur V. Evans & James N. Hogue (2006). Field guide to beetles of California. Volume 88 of California natural history guides. University of California Press. pp. 221. ISBN 9780520246577. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Charles A. Triplehorn (1972). "A review of the genus Zopherus of the world (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 108: 1–20. http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/5402/2/SCtZ-0108-Lo_res.pdf. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Michael A. Ivie (2002). "105. Zopheridae". In Ross H. Arnett & Michael Charles Thomas. American Beetles: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Volume 2 of American Beetles. CRC Press. pp. 457–462. ISBN 9780849309540.