Marianne Williams

Marianne Williams née Coldham
Born	12 December 1793(1793-12-12) Yorkshire, England
Died	16 December 1879(1879-12-16) Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand
Nationality	British
Other names	Mata Wiremu (Mother Williams)
Occupation	Missionary and pioneering educator
Spouse	Henry Williams

Marianne Williams together with her sister-in-law Jane Williams were pioneering educators in New Zealand. They set up the first schools for Māori children and adults as well as educating the children of the Church Missionary Society in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand.^[1] The Māori women called her Mata Wiremu (Mother Williams).^[2]

Early life

Marianne Williams, née Marianne Coldham, was born in Yorkshire, England, 12 December 1793. Marianne was the oldest child of Wright and Anne Coldham. In 1796 the family moved to Nottingham as Wright Coldham intended to establish himself in the lace-making industry.^[3] In 1810 Wright Coldham became the Mayor of Nottingham. Anne Coldham died and at the age 16 Marianne took over raising her three sisters, Sarah, Maria and Anne, her blind grandmother Mrs Temple, the running of the mayoral household and acting as Lady Mayoress at civic events. In 1815 Wright Coldham died.^[4]

Marianne and Henry Williams were married on 20 January 1818 by Henry’s cousin and brother-in law, the Rev. Edward Marsh, a member of the Church Missionary Society. Both families were involved in the lace-making industry with both Wright Coldham and Thomas Williams having acted as the Sheriff of Nottingham.^[4] Marianne and Henry shared a Christian faith and they joined the Church Missionary Society, with the decision eventually being made that Henry would become an ordained minister and CMS missionary in the Bay of Islands, New Zealand. In a letter to the Committee of the Church Missionary Society of 6 August 1822, Henry said of Marianne: “she does not accompany me merely as my wife, but as a fellow-helper in the work”.^{[5] [6]}

The early years in the Bay of Islands

In 1822, with three young children, Marianne and Henry sailed on Lord Sidmouth, a convict ship carrying women convicts to Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australian. After a short stay with Rev. Samuel Marsden, he accompanied them on ship the Brampton from Sydney to the Bay of Islands, New Zealand where they arrived at Kerikeri on 7 August 1823.^[7]

The Church Missionary Society had an established mission at Kerikeri where they stayed while Henry and other CMS members and built a store of plank and timber and a raupo hut on Paihia beach. On 15 September 1823 the family moved into the raupo hut, which Marianne described as having the appearance of a beehive. In 1830 a more substantial house was built using lath and plaster.^[8]

Chickens, ducks, goats and a horse were brought from Sydney. A garden was soon cultivated. Food was either cultivated or imported on the infrequent ships from Sydney. Pork and Kumera could be traded from the Māori, however in the early days muskets were the item of barter which Māori wanted to trade, but Henry Williams refused to trade muskets. The supply of pork and other food was withheld in an attempt to pressure Henry to trade muskets for food.^{[9] [10]}

The protection of the mission by the chiefs of the Ngāpuhi

The members of the Church Missionary Society were under the protection of Hongi Hika, the rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe). The immediate protector of the Paihia mission was the chief Te Koki and his wife Hamu, a woman of high rank and the owner of the land occupied by the mission at Paihia.^[11]

In 1827 Hongi Hika lead the Ngāpuhi against the tribes at Whangaroa which caused anxiety amongst the missionaries as they feared they would be caught up in the fighting.^[12] The fears of the missionaries were increased when some of the warriors of Hongi Hika, acting contrary to his orders, plundered and burnt the Wesleyan mission at Whangaroa.^[13] During a skirmish Hongi Hika was shot in the chest by one of his warriors, which resulted in the missionaries fearing that they would suffer upon the death of Hongi Hika in any muru or attack launched out of respect for Hongi Hika following his death.^[14] On 6th March 1828 Hongi Hika spent his last moments "exhorting his followers to be valiant, and repel any force, however great, which might come against them - telling them this was all the utu, or satisfaction, that he desired".^[15] There were outbreaks of fighting in the subsequent days in the Hokianga, as a result of the death of a son of Pomare, a Bay of Islands chief; the fighting escalated following the death of Whareumu, a Ngāpuhi chief who went to the Hokianga to negotiate. Henry Williams was asked to mediate between the combatants.^[16] As they did not want to escalate the fighting, a peaceful resolution was achieved.^[17]

In 1830 there was a battle, at Kororareka (Russell), that is called the Girls War,^{[18] [19]} which also caused the missionaries to fear they would be caught up in the fighting.^[20]

While there were misunderstandings and arguments between the missionaries and the Ngāpuhi, the CMS mission was never threatened.

The Paihia mission

Watercolour painting by Henry Williams of the CMS mission house at Paihia

The missionary work of Henry Williams and his attempts to act as peacemaker in inter-tribal conflicts meant that he spent months at a time travelling through the North Island of New Zealand. Marianne shared mission responsibilities with her sister-in-law, Jane Williams, together they cared for and educated their families. Together with Jane Williams, Marianne set up a boarding school for Māori girls;^[21] and provided classes to the children of CMS missionaries in the morning with schools for Māori children and adults in the afternoon.^[22] Schools were established in the communities inland from the Bay of Islands. Marianne trained and supervised the teachers, who were her daughters, nieces or future daughters-in-law.^[6]

The domestic responsibilities of Marianne extended beyond her large family and included Māori and Pakeha visitors to the mission as well as providing assistance to other CMS members in Paihia, Kerikeri and Waimate North.^{[23] [24]}

Marianne and Henry had eleven children:^[25]

• Edward Marsh (2 November 1818 – 11 October 1909). Married Jane Davis, daughter of CMS member Richard Davis of Kawakawa.
• Marianne (28 April 1820 – 25 November 1919). Married Christopher Pearson Davies.
• Samuel (17 January 1822 – 14 March 1907). Married Mary Williams, daughter of William and Jane Williams.
• Henry (10 November 1823 – 6 December 1907). Married Jane Elizabeth Williams (also a daughter of William and Jane).
• Thomas Coldham (18 July 1825 – 19 May 1912). Married Annie Palmer Beetham.
• John William (6 April 1827 – 27 April 1904). Married Sarah Busby, daughter of James Busby.
• Sarah (26 February 1829 – 5 April 1866). Married Thomas Bidulph Hutton.
• Catherine (Kate) (24 February 1831 – 8 January 1902). Married Octavius Hadfield.
• Caroline Elizabeth (13 November 1832 – 20 January 1916). Married Samuel Bloomfield Ludbrook.
• Lydia Jane (2 December 1834 – 28 November 1891). Married Hugh Francis Carleton.
• Joseph Marsden (5 March 1837 – 30 March 1892)

Life at Pakaraka

Henry and Marianne moved to Pakaraka when Henry refused to back down in an argument with Governor George Grey over the amount of land Henry had acquired so as to provide for his children. In this argument Bishop Selwyn took the side of Grey, and in 1849 the CMS decided to dismiss Henry from service.^[26] Henry and Marianne Williams moved to Pakaraka, to live in house known as The Retreat, that still stands.^[27]

Marianne died at Pakaraka, New Zealand, 16 December 1879 and was buried in the grounds of the Holy Trinity Church at Pakaraka alongside the grave of Henry Williams.

Literature and sources

• Rogers, Lawrence M. (editor) (1961). The Early Journals of Henry Williams 1826 to 1840. Pegasus Press. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-RogEarl.html. 
• Carleton, Hugh (1874) The life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate. Auckland NZ. Online available from Early New Zealand Books (ENZB).
• Evans, Rex D. (compiler) (1992) Faith and farming Te huarahi ki te ora; The Legacy of Henry Williams and William Williams. Published by Evagean Publishing, 266 Shaw Road, Titirangi, Auckland NZ. ISBN 0-908951-16-7 (soft cover), ISBN 0-908951-17-5 (hard cover), ISBN 0-908951-18-3 (leather bound)
• Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004) Letters from the Bay of Islands, Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom; ISBN 0-7509-3696-7 (Hardcover). Penguin Books, New Zealand, (Paperback) ISBN 0-14-301929-5
• Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011) Te Wiremu - Henry Williams: Early Years in the North, Huia Publishers, New Zealand ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5
• Gillies, Iain and John (1998) East Coast Pioneers. A Williams Family Portrait; A Legacy of Land, Love and Partnership. Published by The Gisborne Herald Co. Ltd, Gladstone Road, Gisborne NZ. ISBN 0-473-05118-4
• Mitcalfe, Barry (1963) Nine New Zealanders. Christchurch NZ. The chapter 'Angry peacemaker: Henry Williams – A missionary's courage wins Maori converts' (p. 32 - 36)
• Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press
• Williams, William (1867) Christianity among the New Zealanders. London. Online available from ENZB.
• Woods, S. M. Marianne Williams, Christchurch, 1977

References

1. ^ Caroline Fitzgerald (2004). Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands. Penguin Books, New Zealand. ISBN 0-14-301929-5. 
2. ^ Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams. Pegasus Press. p. 128. 
3. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands p. 2 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
4. ^ ^{a b} Letters from the Bay of Islands p. 3 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
5. ^ Carleton, Hugh (1874). "Vol. I". The Life of Henry Williams. Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Sarah Marianne Williams. 'Williams, Marianne - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB)
7. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (7th August 1823) p. 54 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
8. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (3rd Sept. 1830) p. 192, (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
9. ^ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press pp. 60 & 75-76
10. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (11th Feb. 1824) p. 82 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
11. ^ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press, p. 55
12. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (14 Dec 1826) p. 121, (11-19 Jan 1827) p. 123-131 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
13. ^ Journal of William Williams, (1st March 1827) p.89 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
14. ^ Journal of William Williams, (1st March 1827) p. 89 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
15. ^ Journal of James Stack, Wesleyan missionary (and later CMS missionary), (12th March 1828) p. 99 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
16. ^ Journal of Marianne Williams, (17th March 1828) p. 101 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
17. ^ Journals of Henry Williams, Marianne Williams & William Williams, (16th - 28th March 1828) pp. 101-107 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2011)
18. ^ online at NZETC
19. ^ Smith, S. Percy – Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century. Christchurch 1910
20. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (12th -17th March 1829) p. 139-41 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
21. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (16th Oct. 1826) p. 112 (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
22. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (6 Nov 1826) pp. 116 & 133 (Caroline Fitzgerald 2004)
23. ^ Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams, Pegasus Press
24. ^ Letters from the Bay of Islands (Caroline Fitzgerald, 2004)
25. ^ Evans 1992, p. 19
26. ^ Mitcalfe 1963, p. 35
27. ^ see: the website of the Henry and William Williams Memorial Museum Trust

External links

• Henry Williams copy of the Treaty of Waitangi on New Zealand History online.
• The Early Journals of Henry Williams; Senior Missionary in New Zealand of the Church Missionary Society (1826–40). Edited by Lawrence M. Rogers. Pegasus Press, Christchurch 1961, at NZETC
• some sketches made by Henry Williams at NZETC
• The Character of Henry Williams described by Hugh Carleton (1874) – The Life of Henry Williams
• Sarah Marianne Williams. 'Williams, Marianne - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB)
• Robin Fisher. 'Williams, Henry - Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand in Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB)

Persondata
Name	Williams, Marianne
Alternative names	née Marianne Coldham
Short description
Date of birth	12 December 1793
Place of birth	Yorkshire, England
Date of death	16 December 1879
Place of death	Pakaraka, Bay of Islands, New Zealand