Primordial black hole

A primordial black hole is a hypothetical type of black hole that is formed not by the gravitational collapse of a star but by the extreme density of matter present during the universe's early expansion.

According to the Big Bang Model (also called the Standard Model), during the first few moments after the Big Bang, pressure and temperature were extremely great. Under these conditions, simple fluctuations in the density of matter may have resulted in local regions dense enough to create black holes. Although most regions of high density would be quickly dispersed by the expansion of the universe, a primordial black hole would be stable, persisting to the present.

Possible detection

One way to detect primordial black holes is by their Hawking radiation. Stephen Hawking theorized in 1974 that large numbers of such smaller primordial black holes might exist in the Milky Way in our galaxy's Halo region. All black holes are believed by many theorists to emit Hawking radiation at a rate inversely proportional to their mass. Since this emission further decreases their mass, black holes with very small mass would experience runaway evaporation, creating a massive burst of radiation at the final phase, equivalent to a nuclear weapon exploding. A regular black hole (of about 3 solar masses) cannot lose all of its mass within the lifetime of the universe (they would take about 10⁶⁰ years to do so, even without any matter falling in). However, since primordial black holes are not formed by stellar core collapse, they may be of any size. A black hole with a mass of about 10¹² kg would have a lifetime about equal to the age of the universe. If such low-mass black holes were created in sufficient number in the Big Bang, we should be able to observe some of those that are relatively nearby in our own Milky Way galaxy exploding today. NASA's GLAST satellite, launched in June 2008, is designed in part to search for such evaporating primordial black holes. However, if theoretical Hawking radiation does not actually exist, such primordial black holes would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to detect in space due to their small size and lack of large gravitational influence. It has been suggested [I. B. Khriplovich, A. A. Pomeransky, N. Produit and G. Yu. Ruban, "Can one detect passage of small black hole through the Earth?", [http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3438 preprint] ] [I. B. Khriplovich, A. A. Pomeransky, N. Produit and G. Yu. Ruban, "Passage of small black hole through the Earth. Is it detectable?", [http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4623 preprint] ] that a small black hole passing through the Earth would produce a detectable acoustic signal. Because of its tiny diameter, large mass compared to a nucleon, and relatively high speed (~0.5 "c"), such primordial black holes would simply transit earth virtually unimpeded with only a few impacts on nucleons, exiting the planet with no ill effects.

Implications

The evaporation of primordial black holes has been suggested as one possible explanation for gamma ray bursts. This explanation is, however, considered unlikely. Other problems for which primordial black holes have been suggested as a solution include the dark matter problem, the cosmological domain wall problem [cite journal | author = D. Stojkovic | coauthors = K. Freese and G. D. Starkman | title = Holes in the walls: primordial black holes as a solution to the cosmological domain wall problem | journal = Phys. Rev. D | volume = 72 | page = 045012 | year = 2005 | url = http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v72/e045012 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.72.045012 | pages = 045012 [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0505026 preprint] ] and the cosmological monopole problem. [cite journal | author = D. Stojkovic | coauthors = K. Freese | title = A black hole solution to the cosmological monopole problem | journal = Phys. Lett. B | volume = 606 | pages = 251–257 | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.physletb.2004.12.019 [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0403248 preprint] ]

Even if they do not solve these problems, the low number of primordial black holes (they have never been verifiably detected) aids cosmologists by putting constraints on the spectrum of density fluctuations in the early universe.

String theory

General relativity predicts the smallest primordial black holes would have evaporated by now, but if there were a fourth spatial dimension — as predicted by string theory — it would affect how gravity acts on small scales and "slow down the evaporation quite substantially." [McKee, Maggie. (2006) [http://www.newscientistspace.com/article/dn9240-satellite-could-open-door-on-extra-dimension.html NewScientistSpace.com – Satellite could open door on extra dimension] ] This could mean there are several thousand black holes in our galaxy. To test this theory scientists will use the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope which was put in orbit by NASA on June 11, 2008. If they observe specific small interference patterns within gamma-ray bursts; it could be the first indirect evidence for primordial black holes and string theory.

References

* S.W. Hawking, [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?key=165336 Commun.Math. Phys. 43 (1975) 199] : the article it all began with !
* D. Page, [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRD/v13/i2/p198_1 Phys. Rev. D13 (1976) 198] : first detailed studies of the evaporation mechanism
* B.J. Carr & S.W. Hawking, [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1974MNRAS.168..399C Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc 168 (1974) 399] : links between primordial black holes and the early universe
* A. Barrau et al., [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0112486 Astron. Astrophys. 388 (2002) 676] , [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0207395 Astron. Astrophys. 398 (2003) 403] , [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0505436 Astrophys. J. 630 (2005) 1015] : experimental searches for primordial black holes thanks to the emitted antimatter
* A. Barrau & G. Boudoul, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0212225 Review talk given at the International Conference on Theoretical Physics TH2002] : cosmology with primordial black holes
* A. Barrau & J. Grain, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0311238, Phys. Lett. B 584 (2004) 114] : searches for new physics (quantum gravity) with primordial black holes
* P. Kanti, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0402168, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A19 (2004) 4899] : evaporating black holes and extra-dimensions

See also