Dog leukocyte antigen

Dog Leukocyte Antigen

The dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) is a part of the major hisocompatability complex (MHC) in dogs, the DLA encodes for genes in the MHC. The DLA and MHC system are interchangeable terms in canines. The MHC plays a critical role in the immune response system and consists of three regions, class I, class II and class III. DLA is associated with the first two classes which are involved in the regulation of antigens in the immune system. The class II genes are highly polymorphic with many different alleles/haplotypes that have been linked to diseases, alergies, and autoimmune conditions such as diabetes, polyarthritus, and hypothyroidism in canines.

There’s likely hundreds of immunologically relevant genes making up the DLA region in the canine genome, as of present date the complete characteristics of the gene is unknown. MHC genes represent candidate susceptibility in canines; some alleles promote protection against immune-mediated diseases and some increase susceptibility. For example certain combinations of the DLA-DRB1 and DQ alleles are most favorable for good immune regulation. These alleles help balance immune surveillance and immune response without increasing the risk of developing an autoimmune condition. Different canine breeds have MHC/DLA allele association; these genes exhibit more inter-breed differentiation than intra breed differentiation. Dogs have been selectively bred for different genotypes and phenotypes, selection in the DLA genome can lead to an increase in the prevalence of immune-mediated diseases. Due to selective breeding some breeds have become restricted in their DLA genes which explain the different immune responses in different breeds. This is because there is a strong linkage disequilibrium that exists between DLA class II loci. The pattern displayed by the differences in human ethnic groups is analogous to the pattern displayed by the distribution of DLA types in different canine breeds. MHC genes in humans are also known to be major contributors to autoimmune condition development.

Canine Diabetes and DLA

In 1974 J. Nerup and others discovered that there is a link between diabetes and MHC genes. Dog leukocyte antigen has been found to be the genetic component associated with canine diabetes. The common alleles/haplotypes found in diabetes prone breeds (Samoyed, Carin Terrier, and Tibetan Terrier) are DLA DBR1*009, DQA1*001, and DQB1*008. The DLA DQA1 alleles code for an arginine amino acid at position 55 in region two, this increases the risk of developing diabetes in dog as arginine is a positive amino acid which can impair antigen binding. This allele is also associated with hypothyroidism which implies that this allele increases susceptibility for endocrinopathic immune-mediated diseases. It is possible that the link discovered between DLA associations and diabetes could be due to "makers" of susceptibility and that the true reason for susceptibility lies elsewhere in the genome. It could be associated with particular DLA alleles/haplotypes or caused by the strong linkage disequilibrium.

References

• Angles, J. M., Kennedy, L. J., & Pedersen, N. C. (2005). Frequency and distribution of alleles of canine MHC-II DLA-DQB1, DLA-DQA1 and DLA-DRB1 in 25 representative american kennel club breeds. Tissue Antigens, 66(3), 173-184.
• Catchpole B, FAU - Kennedy, L. J., Kennedy LJ, FAU - Davison, L. J., Davison LJ, FAU - Ollier, W. E. R., et al. Canine diabetes mellitus: From phenotype to genotype. - J Small Anim Pract.2008 Jan;49(1):4-10.Epub 2007 Jul 6., (0022-4510 (Print); 0022-4510 (Linking))
• Catchpole, B., Kennedy, L. J., Davison, L. J., & Ollier, W. E. R. (2008). Canine diabetes mellitus: From phenotype to genotype. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 49(1), 4-10.
• Catchpole, B., Ristic, J. M., Fleeman, L. M., & Davison, L. J. (2005). Canine diabetes mellitus: Can old dogs teach us new tricks? Diabetologia, 48(10), 1948-1956.
• Kennedy, L. J., Barnes, A., Ollier, W. E. R., & Day, M. J. (2006). Association of a common dog leucocyte antigen class II haplotype with canine primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Tissue Antigens, 68(6), 502-508.
• Kennedy, L. J., Davison, L. J., Barnes, A., Short, A. D., Fretwell, N., Jones, C. A., et al. (2006). Identification of susceptibility and protective major histocompatibility complex haplotypes in canine diabetes mellitus. Tissue Antigens, 68(6), 467-476.
• Pedersen N, FAU - Liu, H., Liu H, FAU - Millon, L., Millon L, FAU - Greer, K., et al. Dog leukocyte antigen class II-associated genetic risk testing for immune disorders of dogs: Simplified approaches using pug dog necrotizing meningoencephalitis as a model. - J Vet Diagn Invest.2011 Jan;23(1):68-76., (1943-4936 (Electronic); 1040-6387 (Linking))
• Runstadler, J. A., Angles, J. M., & Pedersen, N. C. (2006). Dog leucocyte antigen class II diversity and relationships among indigenous dogs of the island nations of indonesia (bali), australia and new guinea. Tissue Antigens, 68(5), 418-426.
• Safra N, FAU - Pedersen, N. C., Pedersen NC, FAU - Wolf, Z., Wolf Z, FAU - Johnson, E. G., et al. Expanded dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping reveals spurious class II associations. - Vet J.2011 Aug;189(2):220-6.Epub 2011 Jul 7., (1532-2971 (Electronic); 1090-0233 (Linking))
• Williams, D. L. (1997). Studies of canine leucocyte antigens: A significant advance in canine immunology. Veterinary Journal, 153(1), 31-39.

This veterinary medicine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · Categories: Genes Immune system Glycoproteins Dog stubs Veterinary medicine stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную? Dog in Boots Dog meat consumption in South Korea Look at other dictionaries: Duffy antigen system — Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor Identifiers Symbols DARC; CCBP1; CD234; Dfy; FY; GPD External IDs …   Wikipedia Lymphoma in animals — is a type of cancer defined by a proliferation of malignant lymphocytes within solid organs such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver and spleen. The disease also may occur in the eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. It is also known as… …   Wikipedia DLA — Entities and organizations Douala International Airport, IATA airport code The United States Defense Logistics Agency DLA Piper, an international law firm Democratic Left Alliance, a Polish political party Dental Laboratories Association The… …   Wikipedia Major histocompatibility complex — The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large genomic region or gene family found in most vertebrates that encodes MHC molecules. MHC molecules play an important role in the immune system and autoimmunity. Proteins are continually… …   Wikipedia transplant — transplantable, adj. transplantation, n. transplanter, n. v. /trans plant , plahnt /; n. /trans plant , plahnt /, v.t. 1. to remove (a plant) from one place and plant it in another. 2. Surg. to transfer (an organ, tissue, etc.) from one part of… …   Universalium endocrine system, human — ▪ anatomy Introduction  group of ductless glands (gland) that regulate body processes by secreting chemical substances called hormones (hormone). Hormones act on nearby tissues or are carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target organs… …   Universalium human disease — Introduction       an impairment of the normal state of a human being that interrupts or modifies its vital functions. health versus disease       Before human disease can be discussed, the meanings of the terms health, physical fitness, illness …   Universalium CD90 — Thy 1 or CD90 (Cluster of Differentiation 90) is a 25–37 kDa heavily N glycosylated, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored conserved cell surface protein with a single V like immunoglobulin domain, originally discovered as a thymocyte antigen …   Wikipedia animal breeding — Introduction  controlled propagation of domestic animals in order to improve desirable qualities. Humanity has been modifying domesticated animals to better suit human needs for centuries. Selective breeding involves using knowledge from several… …   Universalium Testicular immunology — is the study of the immune system within the testis. It includes an investigation of the effects of infection, inflammation and immune factors on testicular function. Two unique characteristics of testicular immunology are evident: (1) the testis …   Wikipedia 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”